関: Phytolaccaceae

WordNet

type genus of Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed (同)genus Phytolacca
chiefly tropical herbaceous plants (including shrubs and trees) with racemose flowers: genera Phytolacca, Agdestis, Ercilla, Rivina, Trichostigma (同)family Phytolaccaceae, pokeweed family

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/03 20:13:19」(JST)

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Phytolacca is a genus of perennial plants native to North America, South America, East Asia and New Zealand. Some members of the genus are known as pokeweeds or similar names such as pokebush, pokeberry, pokeroot or poke sallet.^[2]^[3] Other names for species of Phytolacca include inkberry and ombú. The generic name is derived from the Greek word φυτόν (phyton), meaning "plant," and the Latin word lacca, a red dye.^[4] Phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin are present in many species which are poisonous to mammals if not cooked properly. However, the berries are eaten by birds, which are not affected by the toxin because the small seeds with very hard outer shells remain intact in the digestive system and are eliminated whole.^{[citation needed]}

The genus comprises about 25 to 35 species of perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees growing from 1 to 25 m (3.3 to 82.0 ft) tall. They have alternate simple leaves, pointed at the end, with entire or crinkled margins; the leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen. The stems are green, pink or red. The flowers are greenish-white to pink, produced in long racemes at the ends of the stems. They develop into globose berries 4–12 mm diameter, green at first, ripening dark purple to black.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Selected species

Although many species are herbaceous, P. dioica forms a substantial tree

The following species are accepted by one or more regional floras:^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. – Indian poke. Southern and eastern Asia (syn. P. esculenta Van Houtte, P. latbenia (Moq.) Walter).
Phytolacca americana L. – American pokeweed. North America (syn. P. decandra L.)
Phytolacca australis Phil. – Western South America
Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth – Tropical and subtropical South America (sometimes included in P. icosandra^[9]).
Phytolacca chilensis Miers – central Chile (possibly synonymous with P. icosandra^[9])
Phytolacca dioica L. – Ombú. Subtropical South America.
Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér. – Eastern Africa, Madagascar (syn. P. abyssinica Hoffm.).
Phytolacca heterotepala H.Walt. – Mexican pokeweed. Mexico, SW USA (California).
Phytolacca icosandra L. – Central and South America.
Phytolacca japonica Makino – Eastern Asia (syn. P. hunanensis Hand.-Mazz., P. zhejiangensis W.T.Fan).
Phytolacca octandra L. – Red inkplant. Subtropical and tropical regions worldwide (sometimes included in P. icosandra^[8]).
Phytolacca polyandra Batalin – Central and southwest China (syn. P. clavigera W.W.Smith).
Phytolacca pruinosa Fenzl - Levantine Pokeweed. Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria.
Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D.Bouché – Central and South America.
Phytolacca sandwicensis Endl. – Hawaiian Pokeweed. Hawaii.
Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl ex J.A.Schmidt – Northern South America.
Phytolacca weberbaueri H.Walt. – Yumbi. Peru.

Formerly placed here

Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale (as P. asiatica L.)
Terminalia catappa L. (as P. javanica Osbeck)^[8]

Ecology

The ombú Phytolacca dioica grows as a tree on the pampas of South America and is one of the few providers of shade on the open grassland. It is a symbol of Uruguay, Argentina and gaucho culture. P. weberbaueri from Peru also grows to tree size. Both species have massively buttressed bases to their trunks, and very soft wood with a high water storage capacity which makes them resistant to grass fires and drought.^[11]

Uses

Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed, pokeweed, poke) is used as a folk medicine and as food, although all parts of it must be considered toxic unless, as folk recipes claim, it is "properly prepared." The root is never eaten and cannot be made edible.^[12] Poke salad ('poke salat') is considered part of traditional southern U.S. cuisine, where it is cooked three times in three changes of boiling water to remove some of the harmful components.^[13] Toxic constituents which have been identified include the alkaloids phytolaccine and phytolaccotoxin, as well as a glycoprotein.^[14]

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b "Genus: Phytolacca L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1996-09-17. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ http://www.harlanfestivals.com/poke_sallet.htm Annual Poke Sallet Festival, Harlan, KY
^ Ed Dinger "Allen Canning Company". International Directory of Company Histories. FindArticles.com. 15 Apr, 2011. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5202/is_2005/ai_n19123469/
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 3 M-Q. CRC Press. p. 2065. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.
^ ^a ^b Flora of China: Phytolacca
^ ^a ^b Flora of North America: Phytolacca
^ ^a ^b MacBride, J. F. (1937). Flora of Peru. Publications of Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series. Volume XIII Part II pp. 553–556. University of Illinois. Full text
^ ^a ^b ^c "GRIN Species Records of Phytolacca". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c Reiche, K. (undated). Flora de Chile Volume 6 pp. 143–145. Full text
^ Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar: Phytolacca
^ Armstrong, Wayne. "Pokeweed: An Interesting American Vegetable". Retrieved 2007-07-21.
^ Iowa Cooperative Extension Service publication Pm-746 "POKEWEED"
^ Adams, Allison. "A Mess of Poke". Retrieved 2011-10-17.
^ "Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System". Retrieved 2009-12-03.

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1. 小児での潜在的に毒性を持つ植物の摂取による臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of potentially toxic plant ingestions in children
2. 小児における毒性植物摂取のマネージメント management of toxic plant ingestions in children
3. 小児および思春期における咽頭痛の症状緩和 symptomatic relief of sore throat in children and adolescents
4. 体液性免疫応答 the humoral immune response
5. 小児における分類不能型免疫不全症 common variable immunodeficiency in children

English Journal

Molecular binding mechanisms of manganese to the root cell wall of Phytolacca americana L. using multiple spectroscopic techniques.

Xu X1, Yang J2, Zhao X3, Zhang X3, Li R3.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2015 Oct 15;296:185-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.054. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
The root cell wall (RCW) of Mn hyperaccumulator Phytolacca americana L. (P. americana) plays an important role in immobilizing and detoxifying excessive Mn, but the molecular binding mechanism of Mn to RCW has been little studied. This study investigated the effect of varied pH on Mn adsorption by t
PMID 25917696

Characterization of Mn-resistant endophytic bacteria from Mn-hyperaccumulator Phytolacca americana and their impact on Mn accumulation of hybrid penisetum.

Zhang WH1, Chen W1, He LY1, Wang Q1, Sheng XF2.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2015 Jun 23;120:369-376. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.022. [Epub ahead of print]
Three hundred Mn-resistant endophytic bacteria were isolated from the Mn-hyperaccumulator, Phytolacca americana, grown at different levels of Mn (0, 1, and 10mM) stress. Under no Mn stress, 90%, 92%, and 11% of the bacteria produced indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-ca
PMID 26114256

Esculentoside A suppresses Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation by down-regulating MAPKs pathways in vivo.

Yang H, Wang S, Yu L, Zhu X, Xu Y.
Neurological research.Neurol Res.2015 Jun 23:1743132815Y0000000066. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: Esculentoside A (EsA) is a saponin isolated from the roots of Phytolacca esculenta. Previous studies have demonstrated that EsA exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects in peripheral immune inflammation. This study is to determine whether EsA is effective in inflammation-related neurode
PMID 26104317

Japanese Journal

Glucosylation of hydroxyflavones by glucosyltransferases from Phytolacca americana

Iwakiri Tomoya,Mase Shogo,Murakami Tomonori,Matsumoto Masahiro,Hamada Hiroki,Nakayama Toru,Ozaki Shin-ichi
Journal of molecular catalysis. B, Enzymatic 90, 61-65, 2013-06
NAID 120005351883

長野市街地ツキノワグマ出没個体は人里に依存していたか? : 安定同位体比分析による食性解析

泉山茂之,中下留美子,岸元良輔 [他],鈴木彌生子,林秀剛,瀧井暁子
信州大学農学部AFC報告 (11), 25-28, 2013-03
… その結果，当該個体は３歳の性成熟前後のオスグマで，胃内容物分析から河川沿いでヨウシュヤマゴボウ（Phytolacca americana）を集中的に食べていたと考えられるが，モモ（Amygdalus persica）の種子が１個だけ検出された。 …
NAID 120005248276

Meiotic analysis in a natural autotetraploid of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.

FAROOQ Umer,LOVLEEN,SAGGOO Manjit Inder Singh
Chromosome science 14(3), 63-66, 2012-05-01
NAID 10031139045

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ヤマゴボウ属」「フィトラッカ属」
拡張検索	「Phytolacca americana」「Phytolacca属」「Phytolaccaceae」

「ヤマゴボウ属」

Phytolacca
	Phytolacca acinosa foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Core eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Phytolaccaceae
Genus:	Phytolacca; L.
Species
	About 25 to 35 species
Synonyms
	Pircunia Bertero ex Ruschenb.

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ラ: Phytolacca
関: ヤマゴボウ科、Phytolacca属、フィトラッカ属

「フィトラッカ属」

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ラ: Phytolacca
関: ヤマゴボウ属、Phytolacca属

「Phytolacca americana」

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ヨウシュヤマゴボウ、アメリカヤマゴボウ

関: pokeweed

「Phytolacca属」

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ラ: Phytolacca
関: ヤマゴボウ属、フィトラッカ属

「Phytolaccaceae」

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ヤマゴボウ科

関: Phytolacca

[GRIN-1] "Genus: Phytolacca L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1996-09-17. Retrieved 2011-02-03.

[2] ttp://www.harlanfestivals.com/poke_sallet.htm Annual Poke Sallet Festival, Harlan, KY

[3] Ed Dinger "Allen Canning Company". International Directory of Company Histories. FindArticles.com. 15 Apr, 2011. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5202/is_2005/ai_n19123469/

[4] Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 3 M-Q. CRC Press. p. 2065. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.

[China-5] Flora of China: Phytolacca

[America-6] Flora of North America: Phytolacca

[Peru-7] MacBride, J. F. (1937). Flora of Peru. Publications of Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series. Volume XIII Part II pp. 553–556. University of Illinois. Full text

[GRINSpecies-8] "GRIN Species Records of Phytolacca". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-03.

[Chile-9] Reiche, K. (undated). Flora de Chile Volume 6 pp. 143–145. Full text

[Madagascar-10] Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar: Phytolacca

[Waynes-11] Armstrong, Wayne. "Pokeweed: An Interesting American Vegetable". Retrieved 2007-07-21.

[12] Iowa Cooperative Extension Service publication Pm-746 "POKEWEED"

[13] Adams, Allison. "A Mess of Poke". Retrieved 2011-10-17.

[14] "Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System". Retrieved 2009-12-03.

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案内

Phytolacca