同: Adolescents; Children; Infants

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the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children (同)paediatrics, pediatric medicine, pedology

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《単数扱い》小児科学

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/25 13:20:02」(JST)

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Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18 years of age (in some places until completion of secondary education, and until age 21 in the United States).^{[citation needed]} A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word paediatrics and its cognates mean "healer of children"; they derive from two Greek words: παῖς (pais "child") and ἰατρός (iatros "doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly those working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians who specialize in children.

History

Part of Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, United Kingdom, which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.

Pediatrics is known as a new modern medicine in the society today.^[1] Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen, understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment: Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent ( "In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men."Celsus^[2]).^[1]

Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in Ancient India where children's doctors were called as kumara bhrtya.^[1] Sushruta Samhita an ayurvedic text, composed during the sixth century BC contains the text about pediatrics.^[3] Another ayurvedic text from this period is Kashyapa Samhita.^[4]^[5]

A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics.^[6] Byzantine physicians Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, and Paulus Aegineta contributed to the field.^[1] The Byzantines also built brephotrophia (crêches).^[1] Islamic writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially Haly Abbas, Serapion, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian scholar and doctor al-Razi (865–925) published a short treatise on diseases among children.^[7] The first book about pediatrics was Libellus [Opusculum] de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium 1472 ("Little Book on Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo.^[8] In sequence came Bartholomäus Metlinger's Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder 1473, Cornelius Roelans (1450-1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and Heinrich von Louffenburg (1391-1460) Versehung des Leibs written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the Pediatric Incunabula, four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.^[1]

The Swedish physician Nils Rosén von Rosenstein (1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty,^[9]^[10] while his work The diseases of children, and their remedies (1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject".^[11] Pediatrics as a specialized field of medicine continued to develope in the mid-19th century; Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) is known as the father of pediatrics in the USA because of his many contributions to the field.^[12] He was born in Germany, where he received his medical training, but later practiced in New York City.

The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades (French: Hospital for Sick Children), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.^[13] From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,^[14] and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, created in 1920 by merging with the physically contiguous Necker Hospital, founded in 1778.

In other European countries, the Charité (a hospital founded in 1710) in Berlin established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at Sankt Petersburg in 1834, and at Vienna and Breslau (now Wrocław), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Streets.^[13] The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh.^[15] In the US, the first similar institutions were the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Children's Hospital (1869).^[16]

Differences between adult and pediatric medicine

The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.

A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most jurisdictions and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take in to account the desires of many people, not just the patient.

Training of pediatricians

The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years, and has been usual in the Commonwealth. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "internship" or "conditional registration".

Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years, (depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization). The post-graduate training for a primary care physician, including primary care pediatricians, is generally not as lengthy as for a hospital-based medical specialist.

In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, surgical, and critical care rotations. Specialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 2-3 year fellowships. Specialties include critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others. ^[17]

In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) specialization. Specialist training is often largely under the control of pediatric organizations (see below) rather than universities,and depending on jurisdiction.

Subspecialties

Subspecialties of pediatrics include:

Adolescent medicine
Child abuse pediatrics
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Neonatology
Pediatric allergy and immunology
Pediatric cardiology
Pediatric critical care
Pediatric dermatology
Pediatric emergency medicine
Pediatric endocrinology
Pediatric gastroenterology
Pediatric hematology
Pediatric infectious disease
Pediatric nephrology
Pediatric neurology
Pediatric neuropsychology
Pediatric oncology
Pediatric ophthalmology
Pediatric psychiatry
Pediatric pulmonology
Pediatric rheumatology
Social pediatrics

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313310805. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
^ Celsus, De Medicinâ, Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.
^ John G. Raffensperger. Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History. McFarland. p. 21.
^ David Levinson; Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of modern Asia 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 116.
^ Desai, A.B. Textbook Of Paediatrics. Orient blackswan. p. 1.
^ P.M. Dunn, "Soranus of Ephesus (circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times", Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal, 1995 July; 73(1): F51–F52.[1]
^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [2]
^ "Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. ISBN 81-250-0440-8
^ Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001). The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine. Oxford University Press US. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-262950-0. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ Roberts, Michael (2003). The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719-1772. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-521-52707-1. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ Dallas, John. "Classics of Child Care". Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ "Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. ISBN 0-7817-7706-2
^ ^a ^b Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
^ official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris
^ Young, D.G. (August 1999). "The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery". Journal of the Royal College of surgeons Edinburgh 44: 211–5.
^ Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 55–63. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
^ http://www.pedsubs.org/subDes/index.cfm

External links

American Academy of Pediatrics
Canadian Paediatric Society
Pediatric Collection by the BMJ – Collection of Pediatric papers published in the British Medical Journal.
Health-EU Portal – Babies' and Children's health in the EU
Paediatrics.info
New York University Pediatrics Video Lectures
Infant Feeders Collection – A historical collection of infant feeding devices from the UBC Library Digital Collections
Pediatric Oncall - Child Health Care website for doctors and parents

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English Journal

Developmental defects of enamel in phenylketonuria patients.

de Marco Salvadori C1, Pereira RM2, Raichert C3, de Morais Ferreira F1, de Menezes JV1.
Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill.).J Dent Child (Chic).2015 Sep-Dec;81(3):147-50.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in patients diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU).METHODS: The study group consisted of 24 four- to 24-year-old subjects with PKU. The control group consisted of 24 healthy individuals. An examinatio
PMID 25514259

Treatment with oleic acid reduces IgE binding to peanut and cashew allergens.

Chung SY1, Mattison CP2, Reed S2, Wasserman RL3, Desormeaux WA2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Aug 1;180:295-300. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.056. Epub 2015 Feb 16.
Oleic acid (OA) is known to bind and change the bioactivities of proteins, such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine if OA binds to allergens from a peanut extract or cashew allergen and changes their allergenic properties. Peanut extract or c
PMID 25766831

Problem gambling and internalising symptoms: A longitudinal analysis of common and specific social environmental protective factors.

Scholes-Balog KE1, Hemphill SA2, Toumbourou JW3, Dowling NA4.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2015 Jul;46:86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.011. Epub 2015 Mar 20.
INTRODUCTION: Comorbidity between problem gambling and internalising disorders (anxiety and depression) has long been recognised. However, it is not clear how these relationships develop, and what factors can foster resilience to both conditions. The current study draws on longitudinal cohort data t
PMID 25827336

Japanese Journal

抜歯後の止血に苦慮した重症血友病B患者の1例

滋賀医科大学雑誌 29(1), 59-63, 2016-04-05
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小児科における臨床心理士の活動報告

日本赤十字社和歌山医療センター医学雑誌 = Medical journal of Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center 33, 29-33, 2016-03-31
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関連記事	「pediatrics」

「pediatrics」

Pediatrics
Occupation
Names	Pediatrician; Paediatrician;
Occupation type	Specialty
Activity sectors	Medicine
Description
Education required	Doctor of Medicine; Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine;

Pediatrics
	A doctor examines a newly born baby.
Focus	Children and adolescents
Subdivisions	Pediatric oncology, neonatologist, pediatric intensive care physician
Significant diseases	Congenital diseases, Infectious diseases
Significant tests	World Health Organization Child Growth Standards
Specialist	Pediatrician or Pediatric Nurse Practitioner

　　[★]

小児科

関: paediatric、paediatrics、pediatric

[Col.C3.B3nCol.C3.B3n1999-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313310805. Retrieved 20 October 2012.

[2] Celsus, De Medicinâ, Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.

[3] John G. Raffensperger. Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History. McFarland. p. 21.

[4] David Levinson; Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of modern Asia 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 116.

[5] Desai, A.B. Textbook Of Paediatrics. Orient blackswan. p. 1.

[6] P.M. Dunn, "Soranus of Ephesus (circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times", Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal, 1995 July; 73(1): F51–F52.[1]

[7] U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [2]

[8] "Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. ISBN 81-250-0440-8

[Oxford-9] Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001). The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine. Oxford University Press US. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-262950-0. Retrieved 9 July 2010.

[10] Roberts, Michael (2003). The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719-1772. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-521-52707-1. Retrieved 9 July 2010.

[11] Dallas, John. "Classics of Child Care". Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Retrieved 9 July 2010.

[12] "Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. ISBN 0-7817-7706-2

[Ballbriga-13] Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.

[Paris19-14] story site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris

[15] Young, D.G. (August 1999). "The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery". Journal of the Royal College of surgeons Edinburgh 44: 211–5.

[Pearson-16] Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 55–63. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.

[17] ttp://www.pedsubs.org/subDes/index.cfm

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Pediatrics