PGD2

プロスタグランジンD2

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/19 16:43:35」(JST)

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Prostaglandin D2
IUPAC name 9α,15S-dihydroxy-11-oxo-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	41598-07-6 Y
PubChem	448457
ChemSpider	395250 N
KEGG	C00696 N
MeSH	D015230
ChEBI	CHEBI:15555 N
IUPHAR ligand	1881
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES CCCCC[C@@H](/C=C/[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H](CC1=O)O)C/C=C\CCCC(=O)O)O
InChI InChI=1S/C20H32O5/c1-2-3-6-9-15(21)12-13-17-16(18(22)14-19(17)23)10-7-4-5-8-11-20(24)25/h4,7,12-13,15-18,21-22H,2-3,5-6,8-11,14H2,1H3,(H,24,25)/b7-4-,13-12+/t15-,16+,17+,18-/m0/s1 N Key: BHMBVRSPMRCCGG-OUTUXVNYSA-N N InChI=1/C20H32O5/c1-2-3-6-9-15(21)12-13-17-16(18(22)14-19(17)23)10-7-4-5-8-11-20(24)25/h4,7,12-13,15-18,21-22H,2-3,5-6,8-11,14H2,1H3,(H,24,25)/b7-4-,13-12+/t15-,16+,17+,18-/m0/s1 Key: BHMBVRSPMRCCGG-OUTUXVNYBP
Properties
Molecular formula	C20H32O5
Molar mass	352.465 g/mol
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
N (verify) (what is: Y/N?)
Infobox references

Prostaglandin D₂ (or PGD₂) is a prostaglandin that binds to the receptor PTGDR, as well as CRTH2. It is a major prostaglandin produced by mast cells – recruits Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils. In mammalian organs, large amounts of PGD₂ are found only in the brain and in mast cells. It is critical to development of allergic diseases such as asthma.

Research carried out in 1989 found PGD₂ is the primary mediator of vasodilation (the "niacin flush") after ingestion of niacin (nicotinic acid).

A 2012 research paper indicates a causal link between elevated levels of localized PGD₂ and hair growth inhibition. Applied topically, the researchers found PGD₂ prevents hair growth, and mice that were genetically inclined to produce higher levels of PGD₂ had inhibited hair growth. The researchers also found PGD₂ levels were much higher in balding scalp tissue than nonbalding scalp tissue, through increased levels of prostaglandin D2 synthase. The paper suggested that inhibition of hair growth involved binding of PGD₂ to a receptor called GPR44, and that GPR44 therefore would be a therapeutic target for androgenic alopecia in both men and women with hair loss and thinning. Because PGD₂'s relation to asthma has been known for several years, several drugs that seek to reduce the effect of PGD₂ through blocking the GPR44 are already in clinical trials.

Production

• Cellular synthesis occurs through the arachidonic acid cascade with the final conversion from PGH₂ done by PGD₂ synthase (PTGDS).
• In the brain, production occurs via an alternative pathway through the soluble, secreted enzyme β-trace

Effects

• PGD₂ causes a contraction of the bronchial airways. Its concentration in asthma patients is 10 times higher than in control patients, especially after it is brought into contact with allergens.
• It is involved in the regulation of reducing body temperature in sleep, and acts opposite to PGE₂.
• It causes vasodilation.
• Elevated levels of PGD₂ and PGD₂ synthase in scalp hair follicles may be partially responsible for male pattern baldness.
• PGD₂ also plays a part in male sexual development. It forms a feedforward loop with Sox9, which is activated by the SRY of the Y chromosome. PGD2, in a different feedforward loop than FGF9, helps keep the level of SOX9 high enough to activate other genes, such as Fgf9 and Sf1, which are necessary for the development of the male reproductive system

Latest Research

In August 2012, Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania announced that they had discovered PGD₂ was present on the scalp of balding men at far higher levels than normal, preventing hair follicles from maturing and therefore stopping them from working and growing hair. Dr. George Cotsarelis and his dermatological team at the University say that they are in talks with several pharmaceutical companies about developing treatments which could be available in two years.

See also

• PGD₂ synthase

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. アナフィラキシーの臨床診断を裏付ける臨床検査 laboratory tests to support the clinical diagnosis of anaphylaxis
• 2. 肥満細胞症（皮膚および全身性）：疫学、病因、および臨床症状 mastocytosis cutaneous and systemic epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations
• 3. 肥満細胞活性化障害 mast cell activation disorders
• 4. アナフィラキシーの病態生理 pathophysiology of anaphylaxis
• 5. アレルギー性鼻炎（副鼻腔炎）の病因 pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis rhinosinusitis

English Journal

• Differential expression of prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) in patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.

• Marín-Méndez JJ, Patiño-García A, Segura V, Ortuño F, Gálvez MD, Soutullo CA.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
• Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2012 May;138(3):479-84. Epub 2012 Feb 26.
• BACKGROUND: As marker genes for bipolar disorder (BP) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are not fully identified, we carried out a complete genome analysis to search for genes differentially expressed in ADHD and BP.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 39 patients (30 ADHD, 9 BP), a
• PMID 22370065

• Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase protects against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death.

• Fukuhara A, Yamada M, Fujimori K, Miyamoto Y, Kusumoto T, Nakajima H, Inui T.Source*Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
• The Biochemical journal.Biochem J.2012 Apr 1;443(1):75-84.
• L-PGDS [lipocalin-type PGD (prostaglandin D) synthase] is a dual-functional protein, acting as a PGD2-producing enzyme and a lipid transporter. L-PGDS is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and can bind a wide variety of lipophilic molecules. In the present study we demonstrate the protective effe
• PMID 22248185

Japanese Journal

• Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D Synthase Is Associated With Coronary Vasospasm and Vasomotor Reactivity in Response to Acetylcholine

• MATSUMOTO Tetsuya,EGUCHI Yutaka,ODA Hiroshi,YAMANE Tetsunobu,TARUTANI Yasuhiro,OZAWA Tomoya,HAYASHI Hideki,NAKAE Ichiro,HORIE Minoru,URADE Yoshihiro
• Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 75(4), 897-904, 2011-03-25
• … Background: Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of PGD2, which acts as an anticoagulant, vasodilator, and inflammatory mediator. …
• NAID 10028103348

• 26pGD-2 レプトン-核子深非弾性散乱による研究(26pGD 実験核物理領域,素粒子論領域,素粒子実験領域,理論核物理領域合同シンポジウム:核子構造の3次元的な理解に向けて-反クォーク・軌道角運動量・グルーオンの役割,実験核物理領域)

• 宮地 義之
• 日本物理学会講演概要集 66(1-1), 86, 2011-03-03
• NAID 110008610040

Related Links

• Is a new ‘PGD2′ hair loss cure imminent?

Despite the findings at the University of Pennsylvania, Dr Cotsarelis remains remarkably reserved about the potential of his PGD2 blocker as a true hair loss treatment.

• Scientists identify protein responsible for male pattern ...

Once the researchers identified the protein, they did further functional tests to study what effect PGD2 had on hair in mice and hair follicles grown in a lab.

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リンク元	「prostaglandin D2」
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「prostaglandin D2」

　　[★] プロスタグランジンD2 PGD2

「PG」

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• プロスタグランジン prostaglandin
• 大動脈弁最大圧較差

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プロスタグランジン

　

「PGD」

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preimplantation genetic diagnosis