- This article refers to the sheep genus. For the species commonly referred to simply as "sheep", see sheep (Ovis aries).
Sheep |
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Bighorn sheep |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Animalia |
Phylum: |
Chordata |
Class: |
Mammalia |
Order: |
Artiodactyla |
Family: |
Bovidae |
Subfamily: |
Caprinae |
Genus: |
Ovis
Linnaeus, 1758 |
Species |
See text.
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Ovis is a genus of mammals, part of the goat-antelope subfamily of the ruminant family Bovidae.[1] Its five or more, highly sociable species are known as sheep. The domestic sheep is one member of the genus, and is thought to be descended from the wild mouflon of central and southwest Asia.
Contents
- 1 Terminology
- 2 Characteristics
- 3 Species
- 4 Behaviour
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Terminology
Main article: Glossary of sheep husbandry
Female sheep are called ewes, males are called rams (sometimes also called bucks or tups), and young sheep are called lambs. The adjective applying to sheep is ovine, and the collective term for sheep is flock or mob. The term herd is also occasionally used in this sense. Many specialist terms relating to domestic sheep are used.
Characteristics
Sheep are usually stockier than most other bovines, and their horns are usually divergent and curled into a spiral. Sheep have scent glands on their faces and feet. Communication through the scent glands is not well understood, but is thought to be important for sexual signaling. Males can smell females that are fertile and ready to mate, and rams mark their territories by rubbing scent on rocks. Like other ruminants, they have four-chambered stomachs, which play a vital role in digesting food; they eructate, and rechew the cud to increase digestion. Domestic sheep are used for their wool, milk, and meat (which is called mutton or lamb).
Species
Five species and numerous subspecies of sheep are currently recognised, although some subspecies have also been considered full species. These are the main ones:[1]
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Ovis ammon |
Argali |
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Ovis aries aries[2] |
Domestic sheep |
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Ovis aries orientalis |
Mouflon |
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Ovis aries vignei |
Urial |
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Ovis canadensis |
Bighorn sheep |
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Ovis dalli |
Dall sheep |
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Ovis nivicola |
Snow sheep |
Behaviour
Wild sheep are mostly found in hilly or mountainous habitats. They are fairly small compared to other ungulates; in most species, adults weigh less than 100 kg (220 lb).[3] Their diets consist mainly of grasses, as well as other plants and lichens. Like other bovids, their digestive systems enable them to digest and live on low-quality, rough plant materials. Sheep conserve water well and can live in fairly dry environments. The bodies of wild sheep (and some domestic breeds) are covered by a coat of thick hair to protect them from cold. This coat contains long, stiff hairs, called kemps, over a short, woolly undercoat, which grows in autumn and is shed in spring.[4] This woolly undercoat has been developed in many domestic sheep breeds into a fleece of long wool, with selection against kemp hairs in these breeds. The fleece covers the body (in a few breeds also the face and legs) and is used for fibre.
Sheep are social animals and live in groups, called flocks. This helps them to avoid predators and stay warm in bad weather by huddling together. Flocks of sheep need to keep moving to find new grazing areas and more favourable weather as the seasons change. In each flock, a sheep, usually a mature ram, is followed by the others.[4]
In wild sheep, both rams and ewes have horns, while in domestic sheep (depending upon breed) horns may be present in both rams and ewes, in rams only, or in neither. Rams' horns may be very large – those of a mature bighorn ram can weigh 14 kg (31 lb) – as much as the bones of the rest of its body put together. Rams use their horns to fight with each other for dominance and the right to mate with females. In most cases, they do not injure each other because they hit each other head to head and their curved horns do not strike each other's bodies. They are also protected by having very thick skin and double-layered skulls.[5]
Wild sheep have very keen senses of sight and hearing. When detecting predators, wild sheep most often flee, usually uphill to higher ground. However, they can also fight back. The Dall sheep has been known to butt wolves off the face of cliffs.[5]
See also
- Aries, the Ram (astrological sign)
- Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), another type of goat antelope, not closely related to Ovis sheep
- Blue sheep or bharal (Pseodois), two species of goat antelopes, not closely related to Ovis
- List of sheep breeds
- Sheep husbandry
References
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 707–710. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) opinion 2027
- ^ Nowak, R. M. and J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2525-3
- ^ a b Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-63495-4
- ^ a b Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-937548-08-1
- Bulanskey, S. 1992. The Covenant of the Wild. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-09610-7
- Parker, D. 2001. The Sheep Book. Athens, Ohio, USA : Ohio University Press ISBN 0-8040-1032-3
External links
- Miller, S. 1998. "Sheep and Goats". United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service
- Oklahoma State University (OSU). 2003 Breeds of Livestock: Sheep Retrieved January 13, 2007
- Huffman, B. 2006. The Ultimate Ungulate Page Website Retrieved January 13, 2007
Extant Artiodactyla species
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- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Infraclass: Eutheria
- Superorder: Laurasiatheria
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Suborder Ruminantia
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Antilocapridae |
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Giraffidae |
Okapia
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Giraffa
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- Giraffe (G. camelopardalis)
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Moschidae |
Moschus
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- Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis)
- Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii)
- Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster)
- Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus)
- Black musk deer (M. fuscus)
- Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster)
- Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)
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Tragulidae |
Hyemoschus
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- Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)
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Moschiola
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- Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica)
- Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre)
- Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)
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Tragulus
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- Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus)
- Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil)
- Greater mouse-deer (T. napu)
- Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans)
- Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor)
- Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)
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Cervidae |
Large family listed below
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Bovidae |
Large family listed below
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Family Cervidae
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Cervinae |
Muntiacus
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- Indian muntjac (M. muntjak)
- Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)
- Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)
- Fea's muntjac (M. feae)
- Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)
- Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)
- Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)
- Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)
- Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis)
- Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)
- Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus)
- Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)
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Elaphodus
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- Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)
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Dama
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- Fallow deer (D. dama)
- Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)
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Axis
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Rucervus
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- Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)
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Panolia
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Elaphurus
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- Père David's deer (E. davidianus)
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Hyelaphus
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- Hog deer (H. porcinus)
- Calamian deer (H. calamianensis)
- Bawean deer (H. kuhlii)
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Rusa
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- Sambar deer (R. unicolor)
- Rusa deer (R. timorensis)
- Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)
- Philippine spotted deer (R. alfredi)
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Cervus
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- Red deer (C. elaphus)
- Elk (C. canadensis)
- Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)
- Sika deer (C. nippon)
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Capreolinae |
Alces
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Hydropotes
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Capreolus
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- Roe deer (C. capreolus)
- Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)
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Rangifer
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- Caribou (R. tarandus)
- Reindeer (R. tarandus)
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Hippocamelus
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- Taruca (H. antisensis)
- South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)
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Mazama
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- Red brocket (M. americana)
- Small red brocket (M. bororo)
- Merida brocket (M. bricenii)
- Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi)
- Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira)
- Pygmy brocket (M. nana)
- Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)
- Yucatan brown brocket (M. pandora)
- Little red brocket (M. rufina)
- Central American red brocket (M. temama)
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Ozotoceros
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- Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)
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Blastocerus
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- Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)
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Pudu
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- Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)
- Pudú (P. pudu)
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Odocoileus
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- White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)
- Mule deer (O. hemionus)
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Family Bovidae
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Cephalophinae |
Cephalophus
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- Abbott's duiker (C. spadix)
- Aders' duiker (C. adersi)
- Bay duiker (C. dorsalis)
- Black duiker (C. niger)
- Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons)
- Brooke's duiker (C. brookei)
- Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi)
- Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki)
- Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi)
- Peters's duiker (C. callipygus)
- Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus)
- Red forest duiker (C. natalensis)
- Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis)
- Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi)
- White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster)
- White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum)
- Yellow-backed duiker (C. Sylvicultor)
- Zebra duiker (C. zebra)
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Philantomba
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- Blue duiker (P. monticola)
- Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii)
- Walter's duiker (P. walteri)
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Sylvicapra
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- Common duiker (S. grimmia)
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Hippotraginae |
Hippotragus
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- Roan antelope (H. equinus)
- Sable antelope (H. niger)
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Oryx
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- East African oryx (O. beisa)
- Scimitar oryx (O. dammah)
- Gemsbok (O. gazella)
- Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)
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Addax
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Reduncinae |
Kobus
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- Upemba lechwe (K. anselli)
- Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus)
- Kob (K. kob)
- Lechwe (K. leche)
- Nile lechwe (K. megaceros)
- Puku (K. vardonii)
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Redunca
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- Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum)
- Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula)
- Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)
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Aepycerotinae |
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Peleinae |
Pelea
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- Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)
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Alcelaphinae |
Beatragus
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Damaliscus
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- Topi (D. korrigum)
- Common tsessebe (D. lunatus)
- Bontebok (D. pygargus)
- Bangweulu tsessebe (D. superstes)
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Alcelaphus
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- Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)
- Red hartebeest (A. caama)
- Lichtenstein's hartebeest (A. lichtensteinii)
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Connochaetes
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- Black wildebeest (C. gnou)
- Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)
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Pantholopinae |
Pantholops
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- Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)
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Caprinae |
Large subfamily listed below
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Bovinae |
Large subfamily listed below
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Antilopinae |
Large subfamily listed below
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Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)
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Ammotragus
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- Barbary sheep (A. lervia)
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Budorcas
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Capra
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- Wild goat (C. aegagrus)
- West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia)
- East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis)
- Markhor (C. falconeri)
- Alpine ibex (C. ibex)
- Nubian ibex (C. nubiana)
- Spanish ibex (C. pyrenaica)
- Siberian ibex (C. sibirica)
- Walia ibex (C. walie)
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Capricornis
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- Japanese serow (C. crispus)
- Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)
- Sumatran serow (C. sumatraensis)
- Mainland serow (C. milneedwardsii)
- Red serow (C. rubidusi)
- Himalayan serow (C. thar)
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Hemitragus
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- Nilgiri tahr (H. hylocrius)
- Arabian tahr (H. jayakari)
- Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)
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Naemorhedus
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- Red goral (N. baileyi)
- Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus)
- Himalayan goral (N. goral)
- Chinese goral (N. griseus)
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Oreamnos
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- Mountain goat (O. americanus)
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Ovibos
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Ovis
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- Argali (O. ammon)
- Domestic sheep (O. aries)
- Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis)
- Dall sheep (O. dalli)
- Mouflon (O. musimon)
- Snow sheep (O. nivicola)
- Urial (O. orientalis)
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Pseudois
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- Bharal (P. nayaur)
- Dwarf blue sheep (P. schaeferi)
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Rupicapra
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- Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica)
- Chamois (R. rupicapra)
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Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)
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Boselaphini |
Tetracerus
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- Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)
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Boselaphus
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Bovini |
Bubalus
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- Water buffalo (B. bubalus)
- Wild Water Buffalo (B. arnee)
- Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis)
- Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)
- Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)
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Bos
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- Banteng (B. javanicus)
- Gaur (B. gaurus)
- Gayal (B. frontalis)
- Yak (B. mutus)
- Cattle (B. taurus)
- Kouprey (B. sauveli)
- Zebu (B. indicus)
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Pseudonovibos
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Pseudoryx
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Syncerus
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- African buffalo (S. caffer)
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Bison
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- American bison (B. bison)
- Wisent (B. bonasus)
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Strepsicerotini |
Tragelaphus
(including kudus)
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- Sitatunga (T. spekeii)
- Nyala (T. angasii)
- Kéwel (T. scriptus)
- Imbabala (T. sylvaticus)
- Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni)
- Lesser kudu (T. imberbis)
- Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros)
- Bongo (T. eurycerus)
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Taurotragus
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- Common eland (T. oryx)
- Giant eland (T. derbianus)
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Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)
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Antilopini |
Ammodorcas
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Antidorcas
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- Springbok (A. marsupialis)
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Antilope
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- Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)
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Eudorcas
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- Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata)
- Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons)
- Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii)
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Gazella
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- Mountain gazelle (G. gazella)
- Neumann's gazelle (G. erlangeri)
- Speke's gazelle (G. spekei)
- Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas)
- Chinkara (G. bennettii)
- Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri)
- Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros)
- Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)
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Litocranius
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Nanger
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- Dama gazelle (N. dama)
- Grant's gazelle (N. granti)
- Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)
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Procapra
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- Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa)
- Goa (P. picticaudata)
- Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)
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Saigini |
Pantholops
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- Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)
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Saiga
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- Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)
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Neotragini |
Dorcatragus
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Madoqua
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- Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri)
- Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii)
- Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii)
- Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)
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Neotragus
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- Bates's pygmy antelope (N. batesi)
- Suni (N. moschatus)
- Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)
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Oreotragus
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- Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)
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Ourebia
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Raphicerus
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- Steenbok (R. campestris)
- Cape grysbok (R. melanotis)
- Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)
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Suborder Suina
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Suidae |
Babyrousa
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- Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa)
- North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis)
- Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)
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Hylochoerus
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- Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)
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Phacochoerus
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- Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus)
- Warthog (P. africanus)
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Porcula
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Potamochoerus
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- Bushpig (P. larvatus)
- Red river hog (P. porcus)
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Sus
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- Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus)
- Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus)
- Indo-chinese warty pig (S. bucculentus)
- Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons)
- Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis)
- Flores warty pig (S. heureni)
- Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri)
- Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis)
- Wild boar (S. scrofa)
- Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis)
- Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)
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Tayassuidae |
Tayassu
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- White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)
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Catagonus
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- Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)
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Pecari
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- Collared peccary (P. tajacu)
- Giant peccary (P. maximus)
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Suborder Tylopoda
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Camelidae
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Lama
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- Llama (L. glama)
- Guanaco (L. guanicoe)
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Vicugna
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- Vicuña (V. vicugna)
- Alpaca (V. pacos)
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Camelus
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- Dromedary (C. dromedarius)
- Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)
- Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)
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Cetartiodactyla (unranked clade, higher than Artiodactyla)
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Hippopotamidae
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Hippopotamus
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- Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)
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Choeropsis
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- Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)
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اغنام