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ellipsoidal soil bacteria (同)genus Nitrosomonas

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/02 05:58:13」(JST)

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Nitrosomonas is a genus comprising rod shaped chemoautotrophic bacteria.^[1]

This bacteria oxidizes ammonia into nitrite as a metabolic process. Nitrosomonas are useful in treatment of industrial and sewage waste and in the process of bioremediation. They are important in the nitrogen cycle by increasing the availability of nitrogen to plants while limiting carbon dioxide fixation.^[1] The genus is found in soil, sewage, freshwater, and on building surfaces, especially in polluted areas that contains high levels of nitrogen compounds.

Nitrosomonas prefers an optimum pH of 6.0-9.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 30°C. Most species are motile with a flagellum located in the polar regions.

The bacteria has power generating membranes, which form long, thin tubes inside the cell. These use electrons from the oxidation of ammonia to produce energy.^[1] It obtains the carbon it requires from the atmosphere via carbon fixation, which converts carbon in a gaseous form into carbon bound in organic molecules.

Unlike plants, which fix carbon into sugar through energy gained through the process of photosynthesis, Nitrosomonas use energy gained through the oxidation of ammonia to fix gaseous carbon dioxide into organic molecules. Nitrosomonas must consume large amounts of ammonia before cell division can occur, and the process of cell division may take up to several days. This microbe is photophobic, and will cover itself in slime or form clumps with other microbes to avoid light.^[1]

The species Nitrosomonas europaea has been identified as also being able to degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride.^[2] Some Nitrosomonas species possess the enzyme, urease, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea molecule to two ammonia molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule. Nitrosomonas europaea, as well as populations of soil-dwelling ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make biomass via the Calvin Cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in the presence of urea in acidic environments.^[3]

Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus Nicosomonas.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Nitrosomonas
^ http://genome.jgi-psf.org/finished_microbes/niteu/niteu.home.html
^ Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil. 42:137-145.

George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. 2. Auflage. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria ISBN 0-387-24145-0
Winogradsky, S. 1892. Contributions à la morphologie des organismes de la nitrification. Archives des Sciences Biologiques (St. Petersbourg). 1:86-137.

This Proteobacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

English Journal

Differential photoinhibition of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidation.

Merbt SN, Stahl DA, Casamayor EO, Martí E, Nicol GW, Prosser JI.SourceInstitute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Biogeodynamics and Biodiversity Group, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain.
FEMS microbiology letters.FEMS Microbiol Lett.2012 Feb;327(1):41-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02457.x. Epub 2011 Dec 2.
Inhibition by light potentially influences the distribution of ammonia oxidizers in aquatic environments and is one explanation for nitrite maxima near the base of the euphotic zone of oceanic waters. Previous studies of photoinhibition have been restricted to bacterial ammonia oxidizers, rather tha
PMID 22093004

Abundance and composition of epiphytic bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers of marine red and brown macroalgae.

Trias R, García-Lledó A, Sánchez N, López-Jurado JL, Hallin S, Bañeras L.SourceMolecular Microbial Ecology Group, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2012 Jan;78(2):318-25. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are important for nitrogen cycling in marine ecosystems. Little is known about the diversity and abundance of these organisms on the surface of marine macroalgae, despite the algae's potential importance to create surfaces and local oxygen-rich envi
PMID 22081571

Analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria dominating in lab-scale bioreactors with high ammonium bicarbonate loading.

Vejmelkova D, Sorokin DY, Abbas B, Kovaleva OL, Kleerebezem R, Kampschreur MJ, Muyzer G, van Loosdrecht MC.SourceDepartment of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic, dana.vejmelkova@vscht.cz.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2012 Jan;93(1):401-10. Epub 2011 Jun 21.
The ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community (AOB) was investigated in two types of laboratory-scale bioreactors performing partial oxidation of ammonia to nitrite or nitrate at high (80 mM) to extremely high (428 mM) concentrations of ammonium bicarbonate. At all conditions, the dominant AOB was aff
PMID 21691786

Japanese Journal

Microbial Population Dynamics and Community Structure during the Formation of Nitrifying Granules to Treat Ammonia-Rich Inorganic Wastewater

MATSUMOTO SHINYA,ISHIKAWA DAISUKE,SAEKI GORO,AOI YOSHITERU,TSUNEDA SATOSHI
Microbes and environments 25(3), 164-170, 2010-09-01
… Analyses of clone libraries of 16S rRNA gene and the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene (amoA) revealed that although the clones obtained from the seed sludge were widely distributed among the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) isolates, the community structure of AOB shifted towards the Nitrosomonas mobilis lineage as granulation proceeded. … mobilis, Nitrosomonas oligotropha, and Nitrosomonas europaea, formed different niches and coexisted. …
NAID 10026643183

一槽式 anammox リアクタの運転条件に関する研究

岡本裕行,野村敦子,西村敏男,内橋康充,宮原照夫,佐藤英明,西山孝,藤井隆夫,古川憲治
化学工学論文集 36(3), 420-428, 2010-07-20
… クタとしては比較的高いNH4–N除去速度（Volumetric Removal Rate: VRRNH4–N）で長期間の運転が可能と考えられた．揺動床に付着固定化された汚泥は自然発生したAsahi-BRWを主体としたanammox菌が優占種で，付着固定化されていない浮遊性汚泥ではNitrosomonas europaea近縁のアンモニア酸化細菌が優占であることが明らかとなった．菌叢解析の結果からも本リアクタが一槽式anammoxリアクタとして機能していたことが実証された． …
NAID 10027041124

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「硝化細菌」「ニトロソモナス属」「ニトロソモナス」「Nitrosomonadaceae」「nitrifying bacteria」
拡張検索	「Nitrosomonas europaea」「Nitrosomonas属」

「硝化細菌」

Nitrosomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Beta Proteobacteria
Order:	Nitrosomonadales
Family:	Nitrosomonadaceae
Genus:	Nitrosomonas; Winogradsky, 1892
Species
	N. aestuarii; N. communis; N. europaea; N. eutropha; N. halophila; N. marina; N. nitrosa; N. oligotropha; N. ureae