関: Monodelphis

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produced in a particular country; "domestic wine"; "domestic oil"
a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household (同)domestic help, house servant
converted or adapted to domestic use; "domestic animals"; "domesticated plants like maize" (同)domesticated
of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation; "domestic issues such as tax rate and highway construction"
of or involving the home or family; "domestic worries"; "domestic happiness"; "they share the domestic chores"; "everything sounded very peaceful and domestic"; "an author of blood-and-thunder novels yet quite domestic in his taste"
of or relating to the home; "domestic servant"; "domestic science"

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『家庭の』,家庭生活の,家事の / 『家庭的な』,家事の好きな / (動物などが)『人に飼われている』,飼いならされた / 『国内の』,自国の / 国産の / (通例女性の)召使い,お手伝い

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/02 12:46:25」(JST)

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The gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) is a small South American member of the Didelphidae family of opossums. It was the first marsupial to have its genome sequenced. The opossum is used as a research model in science,^[3] and is also frequently found in the exotic pet trade. It is also known as the Brazilian opossum, rainforest opossum and in a research setting the laboratory opossum.

Description[edit]

Gray short-tailed opossums are relatively small animals, with a superficial resemblance to voles. In the wild they have head-body length of 12 to 18 cm (4.7 to 7.1 in) and weigh 58 to 95 grams (2.0 to 3.4 oz); males are larger than females.^[4] However, individuals kept in captivity are typically much larger, with males weighing up to 150 grams (5.3 oz).^[5] As the common name implies, the tail is proportionately shorter than in some other opossum species, ranging from 5 to 9 centimetres (2.0 to 3.5 in).^[4]

The fur is greyish brown over almost the entire body, although fading to a paler shade on the underparts, and with near-white fur on the feet. Only the base of the tail has fur, the remainder being almost entirely hairless.^[4] The claws are well-developed and curved in shape, and the paws have small pads marked with fine dermal ridges.^[6] Unlike many other marsupials, females do not have a pouch. They typically possess thirteen teats,^[7] which can be retracted into the body by muscles at their base.^[4]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The gray short-tailed opossum is found generally south of the Amazon River, in southern, central, and western Brazil. It is also found in western Bolivia, northern Paraguay, and in Formosa Province in northern Argentina.^[2] It inhabits rainforest environments, scrubland, and agricultural land, and often enters man-made structures, such as houses.^[4] There are no recognised subspecies.

Behaviour[edit]

Gray short-tailed opossums eat rodents, frogs, reptiles, and invertebrates, as well as some fruit. They hunt primarily by scent, poking their snout into vegetation in search of prey or dead animals to scavenge. Once they find living prey, they pounce onto it, holding it down with their forefeet while delivering a killing strike, often to the base of the neck, with their sharp teeth. They can successfully take prey up to their own size.^[4]

They are nocturnal, being most active in the first three hours after dusk. Although they may occasionally shelter in natural crevices in the rock, they normally spend the day in concealed nests constructed of leaves, bark, and other available materials. The nests of females are more complex and tightly woven than those of males. They are solitary, coming together only to mate, and with each individual occupying a home range of 1,200 to 1,800 m² (13,000 to 19,000 sq ft), flagged with scent marks. The approach of another member of the species is commonly met with hissing and screeching, which may escalate to defensive strikes launched while the animal is standing on its hind legs.^[4]

Reproduction[edit]

The opossums breed year round when the climate is suitable, being able to raise up to six litters of six to eleven young each during a good year. Females only come into oestrus when exposed to male pheromones, with ovulation being induced only by physical contact with the male.^[8] Gestation lasts fourteen days, after which the young attach to a teat, where they remain for the next two weeks. Like all marsupials, the young are born undeveloped; in this species they are just 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in length and weigh 100 grams (3.5 oz) at birth. The young grow hair at around three weeks, open their eyes about a week later,^[4] and are weaned at eight weeks^[9]

Gray short-tailed opossums are sexually mature at five to six months of age, and live for up to forty nine months in captivity.^[4]

Laboratory opossum[edit]

Monodelphis domestica

The gray short-tailed opossum possesses several features that make in ideal research model, particularly in studies of marsupials, as well as the immunological and developmental research on mammalian systems. It breeds relatively easily in laboratory settings, and neonates are exposed and can be readily accessed because, unlike other marsupial species, female opossums lack a pouch: neonates simply cling to the teats. Opossums are born at a stage that is approximately equivalent to 13- to 15-day-old fetal rats or 40-day-old human embryos. Like other marsupials, the inadequacies of the neonate's immune system function make it an ideal model for both transplant and cancer research, as well as general investigations into immune system development.^[10] Its genome was sequenced and a working draft published in May 2007:^[11] the decoding work, directed by MIT and Harvard, reveals the opossum to have between 18,000 and 20,000 protein-coding genes. The full genome sequence and annotation can be found on the Ensembl Genome Browser.

References[edit]

^ Gardner, A. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b Vilela, J., Solari, S., Flores, D., de la Sancha, N. & Astua de Moraes, D. (2011). "Monodelphis domestica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
^ "Extraordinary Resources: The Laboratory Opossum". SFBR. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Macrini, T.E. (2004). "Monodelphis domestica". Mammalian Species: Number 760: pp. 1–8. doi:10.1644/760.
^ Fadem, B.H. & Rayve, R.S. (1985). "Characteristics of the oestrous cycle and influence of social factors in grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica)". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 73 (2): 337–342. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0730337.
^ Hamrick, M.W. (2001). "Morphological diversity in digital skin microstructure of didelphid marsupials". Journal of Anatomy 198 (6): 683–688. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19860683.x.
^ Robinson, E.S., et al. (1991). "Mammary glands in male marsupials. 2. Development of teat primordia in Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica". Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 3 (3): 295–301. doi:10.1071/RD9910295.
^ Harder, J.D., et al. (1993). "Gestation and placentation in two New World opossums: Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica". Journal of Experimental Zoology 266 (5): 463–479. doi:10.1002/jez.1402660511.
^ VandeBerg, J.L. (1989). "The gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as a model didelphid species for genetic research". Australian Journal of Zoology 37 (2 & 3): 235–247. doi:10.1071/ZO9890235.
^ Wang Z; Hubbard GB, Pathak S, and VandeBerg JL (October 1, 2003). "In vivo opossum xenograft model for cancer research". Cancer Research 63 (19): 6121–6124. PMID 14559788.
^ Mikkelsen TJ et al. (May 2007). "Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences". Nature 447 (7141): 167–177. doi:10.1038/nature05805. PMID 17495919.

External links[edit]

Media related to Monodelphis domestica at Wikimedia Commons

Know Your STO (Short-tailed Opossums), pet care website by Molly Kalafut
View the opossum genome on Ensembl.

English Journal

Phylogenetic analysis and positive-selection site detecting of vascular endothelial growth factor family in vertebrates.

He W1, Tang Y2, Qi B2, Lu C2, Qin C2, Wei Y2, Yi J3, Chen M4.Author information 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical college, Nanchong, Sichuan, PR China.2Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.3Department of Neurology, Liugang Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China.4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. Electronic address: chen535@126.com.AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), known to play an important role in vascular homeostasis, vascular integrity and angiogenesis, is little known about the evolutionary relationship of its five members especially the role of gene duplication and natural selection in the evolution of the VEGF family. In this study, seventy-five full-length cDNA sequences from 33 vertebrate species were extracted from the NCBI's GenBank, UniProt protein database and the Ensembl database. By phylogenetic analyses, we investigated the origin, conservation, and evolution of the VEGFs. Five VEGF family members in vertebrates might be formed by gene duplication. The inferred evolutionary transitions that separate members which belong to different gene clusters correlated with changes in functional properties. Selection analysis and protein structure analysis were combined to explain the relationship of the site-specific evolution in the vertebrate VEGF family. Eleven positive selection sites, one transmembrane region and the active sites were detected in this process.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 10;535(2):345-52. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.031. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), known to play an important role in vascular homeostasis, vascular integrity and angiogenesis, is little known about the evolutionary relationship of its five members especially the role of gene duplication and natural selection in the evolution of the VEGF
PMID 24200960

The cellular composition of the marsupial neocortex.

Seelke AM, Dooley JC, Krubitzer LA.Author information Center for Neuroscience and University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95618, USA.AbstractIn the current investigation we examined the number and proportion of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the primary sensory areas of the neocortex of a South American marsupial, the short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). The primary somatosensory (S1), auditory (A1) and visual (V1) areas were dissected from the cortical sheet and compared with each other and the remaining neocortex using the isotropic fractionator technique. We found that although the overall size of V1, S1, A1 and the remaining cortical regions differed from each other, these divisions of the neocortex contained the same number of neurons, but the remaining cortex contained significantly more non-neurons than the primary sensory regions. In addition, the percent of neurons was higher in A1 than in the remaining cortex and the cortex as a whole. These results are similar to those seen in non-human primates. Furthermore, these results indicate that in some respects, such as number of neurons, the neocortex is homogenous across its extent, while in other aspects of organization, such as non-neuronal number and percentage of neurons, there is non-uniformity. While the overall pattern of neuronal distribution is similar between short-tailed opossums and eutherian mammals, short-tailed opossum have a much lower cellular and neuronal density than other eutherian mammals. This suggests that the high neuronal density cortices of mammals such as rodents and primates may be a more recently evolved characteristic that is restricted to eutherians, and likely contributes to the complex behaviors we see in modern mammals. J. Comp. Neurol., 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2014 Jan 11. doi: 10.1002/cne.23534. [Epub ahead of print]
In the current investigation we examined the number and proportion of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the primary sensory areas of the neocortex of a South American marsupial, the short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). The primary somatosensory (S1), auditory (A1) and visual (V1) areas wer
PMID 24414857

Chromosome-wide profiling of X-chromosome inactivation and epigenetic states in fetal brain and placenta of the opossum, Monodelphis domestica.

Wang X, Douglas KC, Vandeberg JL, Clark AG, Samollow PB.Author information Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;AbstractEvidence from a few genes in diverse species suggests that X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in marsupials is characterized by exclusive, but leaky inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome. To study the phenomenon of marsupial XCI more comprehensively, we profiled parent-of-origin allele-specific expression, DNA methylation, and histone modifications in fetal brain and extra-embryonic membranes in the gray, short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). The majority of X-linked genes (152 of 176 genes with trackable SNP variants) exhibited paternally imprinted expression, with nearly 100% of transcripts derived from the maternal allele; whereas 24 loci (14%) escaped inactivation, showing varying levels of biallelic expression. In addition to recently reported evidence of marsupial XCI regulation by the noncoding Rsx transcript, strong depletion of H3K27me3 at escaper gene loci in the present study suggests that histone state modifications also correlate strongly with opossum XCI. In contrast to mouse, the opossum did not show an association between X-linked gene expression and promoter DNA methylation, with one notable exception. Unlike all other X-linked genes examined, Rsx was differentially methylated on the maternal and paternal X chromosomes, and expression was exclusively from the inactive (paternal) X chromosome. Our study provides the first comprehensive catalog of parent-of-origin expression status for X-linked genes in a marsupial and sheds light on the regulation and evolution of imprinted XCI in mammals.
Genome research.Genome Res.2014 Jan;24(1):70-83. doi: 10.1101/gr.161919.113. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
Evidence from a few genes in diverse species suggests that X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in marsupials is characterized by exclusive, but leaky inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome. To study the phenomenon of marsupial XCI more comprehensively, we profiled parent-of-origin allele-sp
PMID 24065774

Japanese Journal

Morphological Features of the Posterior Lingual Glands in the Gray Short-Tailed Opossums (Monodelphis domestica)

Okada Hiroyuki,Suemitsu Masaaki,Kanno Takeshi [他]
Journal of hard tissue biology 22(4), 489-492, 2013-10
NAID 40019850818

The Order of Cusp Calcification on the Upper First Molar of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica: Marsupialia)

Suzuki Kunihiro
International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences 8(2), 112-115, 2009
… During the course of a study into the tooth development of marsupials, an interesting feature concerning cusp development was revealed by micro-focus computed tomography analysis and alizarin red S staining of the dentition from 9 to 25 days after birth (as a pouch-young specimen) of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). …
NAID 130000411464

Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences

MIKKELSEN TS
Nature 447, 167-177, 2007
NAID 80018606432

「ハイイロジネズミオポッサム」

Gray short-tailed opossum
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Didelphimorphia
Family:	Didelphidae
Subfamily:	Didelphinae
Genus:	Monodelphis
Species:	M. domestica
Binomial name
	Monodelphis domestica; (Wagner, 1842)
	Gray short-tailed opossum range
Synonyms
	Monodelphis domesticus

　　[★]

ラ: Monodelphis domestica
関: ジネズミオポッサム属

「Monodelphis」

　　[★]

ジネズミオ・ッサム属、モノデルフィス属、Monodelphis属

関: Monodelphis domestica

「domestic」

　　[★]

adj.

国内の、家庭内の

[MSW-1] Gardner, A. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[iucn-2] Vilela, J., Solari, S., Flores, D., de la Sancha, N. & Astua de Moraes, D. (2011). "Monodelphis domestica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

[sfbr-3] "Extraordinary Resources: The Laboratory Opossum". SFBR. Retrieved 2007-04-13.

[Macrini2004-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Macrini, T.E. (2004). "Monodelphis domestica". Mammalian Species: Number 760: pp. 1–8. doi:10.1644/760.

[Fadem1985-5] Fadem, B.H. & Rayve, R.S. (1985). "Characteristics of the oestrous cycle and influence of social factors in grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica)". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 73 (2): 337–342. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0730337.

[Hamrick2001-6] Hamrick, M.W. (2001). "Morphological diversity in digital skin microstructure of didelphid marsupials". Journal of Anatomy 198 (6): 683–688. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19860683.x.

[Robinson1991-7] Robinson, E.S., et al. (1991). "Mammary glands in male marsupials. 2. Development of teat primordia in Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica". Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 3 (3): 295–301. doi:10.1071/RD9910295.

[Harder1993-8] Harder, J.D., et al. (1993). "Gestation and placentation in two New World opossums: Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica". Journal of Experimental Zoology 266 (5): 463–479. doi:10.1002/jez.1402660511.

[Vandeberg1989-9] VandeBerg, J.L. (1989). "The gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as a model didelphid species for genetic research". Australian Journal of Zoology 37 (2 & 3): 235–247. doi:10.1071/ZO9890235.

[10] Wang Z; Hubbard GB, Pathak S, and VandeBerg JL (October 1, 2003). "In vivo opossum xenograft model for cancer research". Cancer Research 63 (19): 6121–6124. PMID 14559788.

[11] Mikkelsen TJ et al. (May 2007). "Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences". Nature 447 (7141): 167–177. doi:10.1038/nature05805. PMID 17495919.

リンク元	「ハイイロジネズミオポッサム」
関連記事	「Monodelphis」「domestic」

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Monodelphis domestica