| Mycobacterium fortuitum |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Actinobacteria |
| Order: |
Actinomycetales |
| Suborder: |
Corynebacterineae |
| Family: |
Mycobacteriaceae |
| Genus: |
Mycobacterium |
| Species: |
M. fortuitum |
| Binomial name |
Mycobacterium fortuitum
Da Costa Cruz 1938, ATCC 6841 |
Mycobacterium fortuitum is a nontuberculous species of the phylum actinobacteria (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus mycobacterium.
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Contents
- 1 Background
- 2 Description
- 3 Pathogenesis
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Type Strain
- 6 References
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Background[edit]
Mycobacterium fortuitum is a fast-growing species that can cause infections. The term "fast growing" is a reference to a growth rate of 3 or 4 days, when compared to other Mycobacteria that may take weeks to grow out on laboratory media. Pulmonary infections of M. fortuitum are uncommon, but Mycobacterium fortuitum can cause local skin disease, osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone), joint infections and infections of the eye after trauma. Mycobacterium fortuitum has a worldwide distribution and can be found in natural and processed water, sewage, and dirt.
Bacteria classified as Mycobacteria, include the causative agent for tuberculosis and leprosy. Mycobacteria are sometimes referred to as “acid-fast bacteria,” a term referencing their response to a laboratory staining technique. This simply means that when microscopic slides of these bacteria are rinsed with an acidic solution, they retain a red dye. Mycobacterium fortuitum is one of the many species of nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) that are commonly found in the environment. These are not involved in tuberculosis. This does not mean, however, that they will not cause an infection in the right circumstances.
M. fortuitum infection can be a nosocomial (hospital acquired) disease. Surgical sites may become infected after the wound is exposed directly or indirectly to contaminated tap water. Other possible sources of M. fortuitum infection include implanted devices such as catheters, injection site abscesses, and contaminated endoscopes. Recent publication on RGM is available provides the following aspects of RGM: (i) its sources, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, and concomitant fungal infections; (ii) the risks of misdiagnoses in the management of RGM infections in dermatological settings; (iii) the diagnoses and outcomes of treatment responses in common and uncommon infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients; (iv) conventional versus current molecular methods for the detection of RGM; (v) the basic principles of a promising MALDI-TOF MS, sampling protocol for cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions and its potential for the precise differentiation of M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, and M. abscessus; and (vi) improvements in RGM infection management as described in the recent 2011 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, including interpretation criteria of molecular methods and antimicrobial drug panels and their break points [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)], which have been highlighted for the initiation of antimicrobial therapy (Kothavade RJ et al., 2012).
Description[edit]
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods (1-3 µm x 0.2-0.4 µm). Sometimes long rods with occasional beaded or swollen cells having non-acid-fast ovoid bodies at one end.
Colony characteristics
- Smooth hemispheric colonies, usually off-white or cream colored. May be butyrous, waxy, multilobate and even rosette clustered (dilute inocula).
- On Malachite green containing media, such as Löwenstein-Jensen media, colonies can absorb the green dye.
Physiology
- Rapid growth on Löwenstein-Jensen media within 2–4 days.
- No growth at 45°C, but grows on MacConkey agar.
Differential characteristics
- Differentiation from M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum by its ability to utilise L-glutamate and its inability to utilise acetamide as simultaneous nitrogen and carbon source. Both subspecies share an identical 5'-16S rDNA sequence. However, the ITS sequences are different.
Pathogenesis[edit]
- Different types of sporadic infections:[1] pulmonary disease, local abscesses.
- Postoperative sternal wound infections, endocarditis, meningitis, and osteomyelitis.
- Has produced postoperative infections after breast augmentation surgery.
- Biosafety level 2
Treatment[edit]
The 2007 guideline “Official American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of non-tuberculosis mycobacterial diseases”, notes that M. fortuitum isolates are usually susceptible to multiple oral antimicrobial agents, including the macrolides and quinolones, doxycycline and minocycline, and sulfonamides. Isolates of this mycobacterium are susceptible to the beta-lactam antibiotics, belonging to the carbopenam subgroup, such as Imipenem. Imipenem is a broad spectrum antibiotic produced by the bacteria Streptomyces cattleya. Ondansetron HCL (Zofran) is an antiemetic often given to offset the nausea and vomiting that are a common side effect of Imipenem. Severe infections require IV treatment combined with oral antibiotics for a prolonged period, up to several months. The guideline recommends “for serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease, a minimum of 4 months of therapy with at least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate is necessary to provide a high likelihood of cure. Surgery is generally indicated with extensive disease, abscess formation, or where drug therapy is difficult.”
Type Strain[edit]
- Found world-wide in soil, dust, rivers, lakes and tap water.
- First isolated from a 25-year old patient (syringe abscess) in Rio de Janeiro.
- Also isolated from lymph glands of cattle and systemic or nodular infection of frogs.
Strain ATCC 6841 = CCUG 20994 = CIP 104534 = DSM 46621 = IFO (now NBRC) 13159 = JCM 6387 = NCTC 10394.
Subsequently, this species has been divided into subspecies M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
References[edit]
National Institute of Health, Office of Rare Disease Research, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Condition/9773/Mycobacterium_fortuitum.aspx
- ^ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222918-overview
- Da Costa Cruz, J. 1938. Mycobacterium fortuitum um novo bacillo acido-resistente patogênico para o homem. Acta Medica (Rio de Janeiro), 1, 297-301.]
Kothavade RJ, Dhurat RS, Mishra SN, Kothavade UR. (2012) Clinical and laboratory aspects of the diagnosis and management of cutaneous and subcutaneous infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
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Mycobacteria (including Nontuberculous)
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Slowly growing
(R1P=photochromogenic;
R2S=scotochromogenic;
R3N=nonchromogenic) |
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Long helix 18
(TKHGC)
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M. tuberculosis group
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- MTC
- M. tuberculosis
- M. bovis
- M. africanum
- M. microti
- M. canetti
- M. caprae
- M. pinnipedii
- MPM
- R1P
- M. marinum
- R2S
- M. pseudoshottsii
- R3N
- M. ulcerans
- M. shottsii
- M. liflandii
- Leprosy
- M. leprae
- M. lepraemurium
- M. lepromatosis
- R3N
- other
- M. lacus
- M. kumamotonense
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K/H groups
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M. kansasii group
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- MAC
- R3N
- M. intracellulare/M. avium
- M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis
- M. chimaera
- R2S
- M. bohemicum
- GK
- R1P
- M. kansasii
- R3N
- M. gastri
- R2S
- M. nebraskense
- M. seoulense
- R3N
- M. scrofulaceum
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M. haemophilum group
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M. gordonae group
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M. conspicuum group
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Long helix 18
(other)
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M. xenopi group
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- M. botniense
- M. shimoidei/M. xenopi
- M. heckeshornense
- M. hassiacum
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M. celatum group
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M. hiberniae group
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- M. terrae
- M. hiberniae
- M. nonchromogenicum/M. arupense
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Short helix 18
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M. simiae clade
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- M. simiae group
- R3N
- M. genavense/M. triplex
- M. florentinum/M. montefiorense
- M. heidelbergense/M. parmense
- M. simiae
- R2S
- M. lentiflavum
- M. kubicae group
- R3N
- M. parascrofulaceum
- R2S
- M. palustre/M. kubicae
- M. interjectum group
- M. interjectum
- M. saskatchewanense
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M. intermedium group
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Ungrouped
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- M. triviale
- M. doricum
- M. tusciae
- M. arosiense
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Rapidly growing/
Runyon IV |
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M. neoaurum group
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- M. mageritense
- M. wolinskyi
- M. canariasense
- M. cosmeticum
- M. diernhoferi
- M. hodleri
- M. frederiksbergense
- M. neoaurum
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F/T groups
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M. fortuitum group
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- M. chitae/M. fallax/M. gadium
- M. rhodesiae
- M. houstonense
- M. neworleansense/M. boenickei/M. fortuitum/M. porcinum/M. senegalense
- M. septicum/M. peregrinum/M. alvei
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M. vaccae group
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- M. obuense/M. gilvum/M. parafortuitum
- M. chlorophenolicum/M. chubuense
- M. psychrotolerans/M. sphagni
- M. aubagnense/M. mucogenicum/M. phocaicum
- AV
- M. aurum
- M. vanbaalenii
- M. vaccae
- M. austroafricanum
- M. pyrenivorans
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M. smegmatis group
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- M. agri/M. thermoresistibile
- M. duvalii/M. flavescens
- M. monacense
- M. pulveris/M. conceptionense/M. moriokaense
- M. novocastrense/M. brumae/M. phlei
- M. confluentis/M. madagascariense
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M. chelonae group
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- M. komossense
- M. murale/M. tokaiense
- M. aichiense
- M. chelonae
- M. abscessus
- M. immunogenum
- M. massiliense
- M. bolletii
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M. elephantis group
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- M. elephantis
- M. holsaticum
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Actinobacteria (high-G+C) Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: G+ (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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| Actinomycineae |
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Actinomycetaceae
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Actinomyces israelii (Actinomycosis, Cutaneous actinomycosis) · Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple's disease) · Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection) · Actinomyces gerencseriae
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Propionibacteriaceae
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Propionibacterium acnes
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| Corynebacterineae |
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Mycobacteriaceae
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M. tuberculosis/
M. bovis
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Tuberculosis: Ghon focus/Ghon's complex · Pott disease · brain (Meningitis, Rich focus) · Tuberculous lymphadenitis (Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis) · cutaneous (Scrofuloderma, Erythema induratum, Lupus vulgaris, Prosector's wart, Tuberculosis cutis orificialis, Tuberculous cellulitis, Tuberculous gumma) · Lichen scrofulosorum · Tuberculid (Papulonecrotic tuberculid) · Primary inoculation tuberculosis · Miliary · Tuberculous pericarditis · Urogenital tuberculosis · Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis · Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
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M. leprae
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Leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy · Borderline tuberculoid leprosy · Borderline leprosy · Borderline lepromatous leprosy · Lepromatous leprosy · Histoid leprosy
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Nontuberculous
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R1: M. kansasii · M. marinum (Aquarium granuloma)
R2: M. gordonae
R3: M. avium complex/Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare/MAP (MAI infection) · M. ulcerans (Buruli ulcer) · M. haemophilum
R4/RG: M. fortuitum · M. chelonae · M. abscessus
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Nocardiaceae
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Nocardia asteroides/Nocardia brasiliensis (Nocardiosis) · Rhodococcus equi
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Corynebacteriaceae
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) · Corynebacterium minutissimum (Erythrasma) · Corynebacterium jeikeium (Group JK corynebacterium sepsis)
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| Bifidobacteriaceae |
Gardnerella vaginalis
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gr+f/gr+a (t)/gr-p (c)/gr-o
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drug (J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
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