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the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)m
the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 (同)Ming dynasty
a form of address for a woman (同)Ms.

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Mach number / mark[s] / Monsieur
(中国の)明,明朝(1368‐1644)
mendeleviumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/27 01:06:56」(JST)

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Mycobacterium africanum is a species of Mycobacterium that is most commonly found in West African countries. The symptoms of infection resemble those of M. tuberculosis.

It is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.^[2]

Epidemiology[edit]

M. africanum is most commonly found in West African countries, causing up to a quarter of cases of tuberculosis in countries such as the Gambia. It is an infection of humans only and is spread by an airborne route from individuals with open cases of disease.

It has a similar degree of infectivity to the regular M. tuberculosis organism but is less likely to progress to clinical disease in an immunocompetent individual.

M. africanum is more likely to progress from infection to causing disease in an HIV positive patient, hence in countries where M. africanum is endemic, it represents an important opportunistic infection of the later stages of HIV disease.

Pathogenesis[edit]

It is not fully understood how the genetic differences between M. africanum and M. tuberculosis give rise to the lower pathogenicity of the former. However, it is known that the Region of Difference 9 (RD9) is lacking in M. africanum but present in M. tuberculosis (Brosch, et al. 2002 PNAS 99:3684 ).

Treatment[edit]

M. africanum tuberculosis is treated with an identical regime to tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis. The overall rate of cure is similar, but as more M. africanum patients are likely to be HIV positive, they may have higher mortality from other HIV-related disease

Type strain[edit]

ATCC 25420 = CIP 105147

References[edit]

^ Castets, M., N. Rist, H. Boisvert. 1969. La variété africaine du bacille tuberculeux humain. Médecine d'Afrique Noire, 1969, 16, 321-322.
^ Vasconcellos SE, Huard RC, Niemann S, et al. (2010). "Distinct genotypic profiles of the two major clades of Mycobacterium africanum". BMC Infect. Dis. 10: 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-80. PMC 2859774. PMID 20350321.

Bibliography[edit]

Skerman, V., V. McGowan, P. Sneath. 1980. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30, 225-420.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Spoligotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from patients residents of 11 states of Brazil.

Gomes HM, Elias AR, Oelemann MA, Pereira MA, Montes FF, Marsico AG, Kritski AL, Filho LD, Caldas PC, Possuelo LG, Cafrune P, Rossetti ML, Lucena N, Saad MH, Cavalcanti HR, Leite CQ, Brito RC, Lopes ML, Lima K, Souza M, Trindade RD, Zozio T, Sola C, Rastogi N, Suffys PN.SourceLaboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Dept. Mycobacteriosis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2011 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
One of the high tuberculosis (TB) incidence countries in the world, Brazil is characterized by considerable differences in TB incidence on regional and state level. In the present study, we describe Brazilian spoligotypes of 1991 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) clinical isolates from patien
PMID 21907830

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the Cross River State, Nigeria.

Thumamo BP, Asuquo AE, Abia-Bassey LN, Lawson L, Hill V, Zozio T, Emenyonu N, Eko FO, Rastogi N.SourceDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2011 Aug 22. [Epub ahead of print]
This study provides with a first insight on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex epidemiology and genetic diversity in the Cross River State, Nigeria. Starting with 137 smear positive patients recruited over a period of 12months (June 2008 to May 2009), we obtained 97 pure mycobacterial isolates out o
PMID 21878397

Japanese Journal

Peltophorum Africanum, a Traditional South African Medicinal Plant, Contains an Anti HIV-1 Constituent, Betulinic Acid

THEO ANDROS,MASEBE TRACY,SUZUKI YASUHIRO,KIKUCHI HARUHISA,WADA SHOKO,LARRY OBI CHIKWELU,OBONG BESSONG PASCAL,USUZAWA MOTOKI,OSHIMA YOSHITERU,HATTORI TOSHIO
Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 217(2), 93-99, 2009-02-01
NAID 10025104840

The Updated Late Miocene Large Mammal Fauna from Samburu Hills, Northern Kenya

Hiroshi TSUJIKAWA
African study monographs. Supplementary issue. 32, pp. 1-50, 2005-12
… indet., Hipparion africanum, Paradiceros mukirii, Chilotheridium pattersoni, Nyanzachoerus sp. …
NAID 110004037042

「Mycobacterium africanum」

Mycobacterium africanum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Order:	Actinomycetales
Suborder:	Corynebacterineae
Family:	Mycobacteriaceae
Genus:	Mycobacterium
Species:	M. africanum
Binomial name
	Mycobacterium africanum; Castets et al. 1969, ATCC 25420