関: L. mexicana、Leishmania mexicana amazonensis

WordNet

flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis (同)genus Leishmania

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/24 16:08:34」(JST)

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False colour SEM micrograph of Promastigote form Leishmania mexicana as found in the sandfly midgut. The cell body is shown in orange and the flagellum is in red. 119 pixels/μm.

Amastigote form Leishmania mexicana as found in mammalian macrophages, 219 pixels/μm.

Leishmania mexicana is a Leishmania species^[1] and is one of the causative species of leishmaniasis.

Leishmania mexicana is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes the mildest form of leishmaniasis. As is suggested by its name, this species of Leishmania is found in South and Central America. Infection with L. mexicana occurs when an individual is bitten by an infected sand fly that injects the infective promastigotes, which are carried in the proboscis, directly into the skin.

The life cycle of this and other Leishmania species are similar and begin when an infected fly bites and injects it promastigotes in the skin of host and once inside these promastigotes are phagocytosed by macrophages that transform into amastigotes and are able to divide. Upon maximum levels of amastigote divisions, the macrophages burst releasing more amastigotes that are again re-phagocytosed. When an uninfected sand fly bites an infected individual, the fly ingest the amastigotes and these transform into promastigotes and divide in the midgut of the fly, finally these promastigotes migrate to the proboscis and are now able to transmit the disease. There are no blood stages in the life cycle of L. mexicana (unlike Malaria and Trypanosomiasis).

L. mexicana has the ability to cause both a cutaneous and a diffuse cutaneous type of infection. The cutaneous type manifests itself in the form of ulcers at the bite site, here the amastigotes do not spread and the ulcers become visible either a few days or several months after the initial bite, these ulcers heal spontaneously. The diffuse cutaneous type manifests itself when the amastigote spreads cutaneously in those with defective T-cell immunity. This type of infection responds very poorly to drugs and therefore causes sores or ulcers all over the host's body.

In 1994, Robertson et al. noted that the amastigotes of L. mexicana have a higher activity of cystein proteases compared to its promastigote forms. This observation is thought to be an important characteristic that may aid in the survival of the amastigote in the macrophages of its host.

Treatment of Leishmaniasis caused by L. mexicana is generally unnecessary since the infection tends to disappear spontaneously, but in cases where the infection becomes chronic or spreads on the host, the treatment of choice is pentavalent antimony, which works by inhibiting the synthesis of ATP. The drug of choice in the United States is Penstostam.

Prevention of L. mexicana infection can be done by avoiding contact with sandfly-infested areas. Although this can be difficult since these flies have been progressively become more adaptive to urban areas. Research is being done to develop a vaccine against the promastigotes, although the work by Roberts may shed light into developing a vaccine or agent that targets the cystein proteases and other enzymes that are found in abundance in the amastigotes.

References

^ Majumdar D, Elsayed GA, Buskas T, Boons GJ (March 2005). "Synthesis of proteophosphoglycans of Leishmania major and Leishmania mexicana". J. Org. Chem. 70 (5): 1691–7. doi:10.1021/jo048443z. PMID 15730289.

Vinetz JM, Soong L (February 2007). "Leishmania mexicana infection of the eyelid in a traveler to Belize". Braz J Infect Dis 11 (1): 149–52. doi:10.1590/s1413-86702007000100030. PMID 17625744.
Robertson CD, Coombs GH (February 1994). "Multiple high activity cysteine proteases of Leishmania mexicana are encoded by the Imcpb gene array". Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 140 (Pt 2): 417–24. doi:10.1099/13500872-140-2-417. PMID 8180705.
Ilg T, Etges R, Overath P, et al. (April 1992). "Structure of Leishmania mexicana lipophosphoglycan". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (10): 6834–40. PMID 1551890.
Galindo-Sevilla N, Ortiz-Avalos J, Del Angel M, Galvan R, Mancilla-Ramirez J (2003). "Leishmania mexicana Strains Isolated from Both Localized Cutaneous (LCL) and Diffuse Cutaneous (DCL) Lesions in Humans Can Produce DCL in Mice, Being Faster in Males". ASM's Annual Meeting on Infectious Diseases: 43rd annual ICAAC Chicago 2003 : 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. ISBN 978-1-55581-284-3.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 皮膚リーシュマニア症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis
2. 皮膚リーシュマニア症の治療 treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis
3. 皮膚リーシュマニア症の疫学およびマネージメント epidemiology and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis
4. 中央アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to central africa
5. Nail psoriasis

English Journal

Use of (13)c stable isotope labelling for pathway and metabolic flux analysis in leishmania parasites.

Saunders EC1, de Souza DP, Chambers JM, Ng M, Pyke J, McConville MJ.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2015;1201:281-96. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1438-8_18.
This protocol describes the combined use of metabolite profiling and stable isotope labelling to define pathways of central carbon metabolism in the protozoa parasite, Leishmania mexicana. Parasite stages are cultivated in standard or completely defined media and then rapidly transferred to chemical
PMID 25388122

Misdiagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis and recurrence after surgical excision.

Bailey MS1, Langman G2.
Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps.J R Army Med Corps.2014 Dec;160(4):314-6. doi: 10.1136/jramc-2013-000123. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) occurs in British troops deployed to Belize, Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere. From 1998 to 2009, 156 (45%) of 343 confirmed cases seen in the UK were in military personnel. CL is a rare disease and requires specialist clinical management because numerous pitfalls exist d
PMID 24109111

Tetracycline-inducible gene expression system in Leishmania mexicana.

Kraeva N1, Ishemgulova A1, Lukeš J2, Yurchenko V3.
Molecular and biochemical parasitology.Mol Biochem Parasitol.2014 Nov 22;198(1):11-13. doi: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.11.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Here we present a T7-driven, tetracycline-inducible system for protein expression in human pathogen Leishmania mexicana. The gene expression in this strain is tightly regulated and dose- and time-dependent. This system can be widely used by the parasitology community to analyze effects of genes of i
PMID 25461484

Japanese Journal

Genetic divergence in populations of Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Ecuador and Peru

Kato Hirotomo,Caceres Abraham G.,Gomez Eduardo A.,Mimori Tatsuyuki,Uezato Hiroshi,Hashiguchi Yoshihisa
Acta Tropica 141(Part A), 79-87, 2015-01
… Haplotype and gene network analyses were performed on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b gene sequences of Lutzomyia (Lu.) ayacuchensis populations from Andean areas of Ecuador and southern Peru where the sand fly species transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana, respectively, and populations from the northern Peruvian Andes, for which transmission of Leishmania by Lu. …
NAID 120005553669

Distribution of Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, the vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis, at different altitudes on the Andean slope of Ecuador

Gomez Eduardo A.,Kato Hirotomo,Mimori Tatsuyuki,Hashiguchi Yoshihisa
Acta Tropica 137, 118-122, 2014-09
… In the present study, the vertical distribution of Lutzomyia (Lu.) ayacuchensis, the vector of Leishmania (Leishmarzia) mexicana in the Ecuadorian Andes, was surveyed at different altitudes (300-2500 m above sea level) of the Andean slope. … (L.) mexicana infection were detected in higher areas, but none in lower populations of sand flies. … (L.) mexicana and spread leishmaniasis in these areas. …
NAID 120005476089

Leishmania species identification using FTA card sampling directly from patients' cutaneous lesions in the state of Lara, Venezuela

Kato Hirotomo,Watanabe Junko,Mendoza Nieto Iraida,Korenaga Masataka,Hashiguchi Yoshihisa
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105(10), 561-567, 2011-10
… A molecular epidemiological study was performed using FTA card materials directly sampled from lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the state of Lara, Venezuela, where causative agents have been identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. … (Leishmania) venezuelensis in the past studies. …
NAID 120003464636

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「メキシコリーシュマニア」「L. mexicana」
拡張検索	「Leishmania mexicana amazonensis」
関連記事	「Leishmania」

「メキシコリーシュマニア」

Leishmania mexicana
	Leishmania mexicana in a biopsy specimen from a skin lesion stained with H&E. The amastigotes are lining the walls of two vacuoles, a typical arrangement. The species identification was derived from culture followed by isoenzyme analysis.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Excavata
Phylum:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Kinetoplastida
Order:	Trypanosomatida
Genus:	Leishmania
Species:	Leishmania mexicana
Binomial name
	Leishmania mexicana; Biagi, 1953, emend. Garnham, 1962

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ラ: Leishmania mexicana、L. mexicana
関: アマゾン型ブラジルリーシュマニア

「L. mexicana」

　　[★]

メキシコリーシュマニア

関: Leishmania mexicana

「Leishmania mexicana amazonensis」

　　[★]

アマゾン型ブラジルリーシュマニア

関: Leishmania mexicana

「Leishmania」

　　[★] リーシュマニア属　

[pmid15730289-1] Majumdar D, Elsayed GA, Buskas T, Boons GJ (March 2005). "Synthesis of proteophosphoglycans of Leishmania major and Leishmania mexicana". J. Org. Chem. 70 (5): 1691–7. doi:10.1021/jo048443z. PMID 15730289.

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案内

案内

Leishmania mexicana