関: potassium permanganate

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/27 22:07:43」(JST)

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過マンガン酸カリウム（かマンガンさんカリウム、potassium permanganate）は化学式 KMnO₄ の無機化合物で、カリウムイオン (K⁺) と過マンガン酸イオン (MnO₄⁻) より構成される過マンガン酸塩の一種。Mn の酸化数は+7、O の酸化数は−2、K は+1である。

式量は 158.04 g/mol で、水、アセトン、メタノールに可溶である。固体では深紫色の柱状斜方晶系結晶である。においはなく、強力な酸化剤である。

水への溶解度は 7.5 g/100 g (25 °C) で、約 200 ℃ で酸素を放ち分解する^[1]。

歴史

過マンガン酸カリウムは1659年に発見された。初期の写真家の間では閃光粉として使用されていた。

製法

実験室的製法

主に以下の3段階の操作で合成される。

酸化剤に対して耐久性のある素材（不動態被膜を形成する鉄など）製の容器で二酸化マンガンと、水酸化カリウムもしくは炭酸カリウムを溶融させて空気酸化させるか、前者2つに酸化剤である塩素酸カリウムもしくは硝酸カリウムを混合して溶融させて酸化し、マンガン酸カリウムを得る。
合成したマンガン酸カリウムを冷却後に水に溶解し、酸化剤に耐久性のある素材(ガラス繊維ろ紙等)を用いて未反応のMnO₂等を濾別する。
濾過後の溶液に二酸化炭素を吹き込むと自己酸化還元反応が起こり、過マンガン酸カリウムが生成する。

マンガン酸イオン(MnO₄^2-)は中性～酸性条件下、酸性が強くなるほど不安定になり、自己酸化還元反応によって二酸化マンガンと過マンガン酸イオンに不均化することを利用する。

上記の方法は、化学反応としては2つの反応を利用している。下記にその一例を示す。

二酸化マンガンの酸化によるマンガン酸カリウムの生成

塩基に水酸化カリウム、酸化剤に塩素酸カリウムを用いた場合

塩基に水酸化カリウム、酸化剤に酸素を用いた場合
マンガン酸カリウムの不均化による過マンガン酸カリウムの生成

特に、pH調整剤として二酸化炭素を用いた場合

工業的製法

軟マンガン鉱 (主成分:二酸化マンガン MnO₂) を水酸化カリウムに溶融し、空気酸化してマンガン酸カリウムとした後、電解酸化または塩素により酸化して製造する。塩素によるマンガン酸カリウムの酸化は次の式で表される。

用途

KMnO₄ の希薄水溶液

過マンガン酸カリウムは強い酸化剤として、実験室および工業の場面で数多くの種類の酸化反応に用いられている。用いる溶液の濃度である程度酸化作用を調節でき、例として薄い KMnO₄ 水溶液はアルケンを 1,2-ジオール（グリコール）に酸化する。より濃い溶液は芳香環のメチル基などのアルキル基をカルボキシ基に酸化する。分析化学では KMnO₄ 水溶液の標準溶液の紫色が目視で確認しやすく、当量点の特定が容易であるために酸化還元滴定の滴定剤として用いられる。深紫色の過マンガン酸イオンは、酸性溶液中では酸化数+2を持つ薄いピンク色の Mn²⁺ (aq) 陽イオンに還元される。塩基性溶液中では過マンガン酸イオンは酸化数+4を持つ茶色の沈殿物、二酸化マンガン (MnO₂) に還元される。

過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液と塩酸プソイドエフェドリン水溶液からメトカチノンを生成する事ができる。薄い水溶液は洗口液 (0.25%) もしくは手の消毒液 (1%) としても利用される。コカインを 100% 純粋に精製するのにも用いられてきた。ほかに、殺菌剤、消臭剤、魚類の寄生虫駆除、飲料水の処理、リン中毒の解毒剤、染料の用途が挙げられる。

第二次世界大戦時には、水溶液がヴァルター機関の反応触媒として利用された。また木パルプのκ価を測定する試薬として用いられる。

注意

固体の過マンガン酸カリウムは非常に強い酸化剤であり、純粋なグリセリンなどのアルコールと混合すると強い発熱反応が発生する。この反応はこれらが入っているガラスや他の容器を溶かすほど自発的に高温の燃焼となり、近くにある可燃性の物質に引火することがある。この反応は固体の過マンガン酸カリウムが多種の有機化合物と混合された場合にも発生し得る。

3 C₃H₅(OH)₃ + 14 KMnO₄ → 14 MnO₂ + 7 K₂CO₃ + 2 CO₂ + 12 H₂O

水溶液中では酸性条件下で最も強い酸化力を示し、中性、塩基性では酸性条件より酸化力は弱い。これは過マンガン酸イオンの水溶液中での安定度と密接な関係があり、過マンガン酸イオンは酸性条件下では不安定で、中性、塩基性において安定である。（但し、過剰の塩基存在下では不安定で、マンガン酸イオンへ還元される。）また、当然濃度によっても酸化力は危険性と共に増減する。過マンガン酸カリウムの水溶液は、特に薄い場合、酸化力は低く危険性は低いが、高濃度では過マンガン酸イオンは不安定で酸化力は強くなり、危険性が高まる。さらに、過マンガン酸カリウムの固体を濃硫酸と混合すると、爆発性の酸化マンガン(VII) (Mn₂O₇) を生成する^[2]。

また、通常、酸性条件で酸化を行う場合、希硫酸で酸性にした硫酸酸性過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液を用いる。これは硫酸が過マンガン酸イオンの酸化作用の影響を受けず、かつ最も汎用され、安価な酸で都合が良いためである。酸化剤に対して安定な酸ならば、他の酸を用いることも可能である。

仮に塩酸を用いた場合、塩化水素が還元剤となって酸化される反応が起こってしまう。硝酸では酸化作用に対しては安定であるが、自身が酸化剤であるために、酸化還元滴定などでは正確な値の測定には不都合である。また、過マンガン酸カリウムの濃厚な水溶液や固体を塩酸と混合すると、致死性の塩素ガスが発生する。これは自発的な反応であり、穏やかな酸化剤である二酸化マンガンとの反応とは異なる点である。（二酸化マンガンと塩酸との反応は加熱が必要）

過マンガン酸カリウムは衣服や手を染色するため取り扱いには注意が必要である。これは、過マンガン酸カリウムが還元されてできる二酸化マンガンのためである。衣服のしみは酸性にした亜硫酸ナトリウム（亜硫酸ガスの発生に注意、酸性の定着液を使用すると安全、処理後の洗浄を確実に）を使用して除去可能である。ただし、シュウ酸を使うこともできる。肌のしみは48時間以内に自然に除去されるが、肌に触れるとやけどを起こし、飲み込むと胃腸炎を起こす。

日本国では法令により危険物第一類、特定麻薬向精神薬原料に指定されている。アメリカではDEA規則により使用と販売が制限されている。

出典

^ 久保亮五、長倉三郎、井口洋夫、江沢洋『岩波理化学辞典第4版』株式会社岩波書店、1987年。ISBN 4-00-080015-9
^ Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochmann, M. (April 1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-19957-5

1 History
2 Preparation
- 2.1 Other methods
3 Structure
4 Reactions
- 4.1 Organic chemistry
- 4.2 Reaction with acids
- 4.3 Photodecomposition
5 Uses
- 5.1 Water treatment and disinfection
- 5.2 Synthesis of organic compounds
- 5.3 Analytical use
- 5.4 Fruit preservation
- 5.5 Survival kits
- 5.6 Fire Service
- 5.7 Other uses
6 Safety and handling
7 References
8 External links

History

In 1659, Johann Rudolf Glauber fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO₂) and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (potassium manganate) which slowly shifted to violet and then finally red. This report represents the first description of the production of potassium permanganate.^[4] Just under two hundred years later London chemist Henry Bollmann Condy had an interest in disinfectants, and marketed several products including ozonised water. He found that fusing pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dissolving it in water produced a solution with disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and marketed it as Condy's Fluid. Although effective, the solution was not very stable. This was overcome by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than NaOH. This was more stable, and had the advantage of easy conversion to the equally effective potassium permanganate crystals. This crystalline material was known as Condy's crystals or Condy's powder. Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation in order to stop competitors from marketing products similar to Condy's Fluid or Condy's Crystals.^[5]

Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder. It is now replaced with other oxidizers, due to the instability of permanganate mixtures. Aqueous solutions of KMnO₄ have been used together with T-Stoff (i.e. 80% hydrogen peroxide) as propellant for the rocket plane Messerschmitt Me 163. In this application, it was known as Z-Stoff. This combination of propellants is sometimes still used in torpedoes.

Preparation

Potassium permanganate is produced industrially from manganese dioxide, which also occurs as the mineral pyrolusite. The MnO₂ is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with another source of oxygen, like potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate.^[3] This process gives potassium manganate:

2 MnO₂ + 4 KOH + O₂ → 2 K₂MnO₄ + 2 H₂O

(Using sodium hydroxide the end product is not sodium manganate but an Mn(V) compound which is one reason the potassium permanganate is more commonly used than sodium permanganate. Furthermore the potassium salt crystallizes better^[3]).

The potassium manganate is then be converted into permanganate by electrolytic oxidation in alkaline media:

K₂MnO₄ + H₂O → KMnO₄ + KOH + 1/2 H₂

Other methods

Although of no commercial importance, potassium manganate can be oxidized by chlorine or by disproportionation under acid conditions ^[6] The chlorine oxidation reaction is:

2 K₂MnO₄ + Cl₂ → 2 KMnO₄ + 2 KCl

And the acid-induced disproportionation reaction may be written:

3 K₂MnO₄ + 4 HCl → 2 KMnO₄ + MnO₂ + 2 H₂O + 4 KCl

A weak acid acid such as carbonic acid is sufficient for this reaction:

3 K₂MnO₄ + 2 CO₂ → 2 KMnO₄ + 2 K₂CO₃ + MnO₂

Potassium permanganate crystallizes from the concentrated reaction solution.

Permanganate salts can also be generated by treating a solution of Mn²⁺ ions with strong oxidants such as lead dioxide (PbO₂), or sodium bismuthate (NaBiO₃). Tests for the presence of manganese exploit the vivid violet color of permanganate produced by these reagents.

Structure

KMnO₄ forms orthorhombic crystals with constants: a = 910.5 pm, b = 572.0 pm, c = 742.5 pm. The overall motif is similar to that for barium sulfate, with which it forms solid solutions.^[7] In the solid (as in solution), each MnO₄⁻ centres are tetrahedral. The Mn-O distances are 1.62 Å.^[8]

Reactions

Organic chemistry

Dilute solutions of KMnO₄ convert alkenes into diols (glycols). This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction decolorizes the initially purple permanganate solution and generates a brown precipitate (MnO₂). It is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent. However, bromine serves better in measuring unsaturation (double or triple bonds) quantitatively, since KMnO₄, being a very strong oxidizing agent, can react with a variety of groups.

Under acidic conditions, the alkene double bond is cleaved to give the appropriate carboxylic acid:^[9]

CH₃(CH₂)₁₇CH=CH₂ + 2 KMnO₄ + 3 H₂SO₄ → CH₃(CH₂)₁₇COOH + CO₂ + 4 H₂O + K₂SO₄ + 2 MnSO₄

Potassium permanganate oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids, such as the conversion of n-heptanal to heptanoic acid:^[10]

5 C₆H₁₃CHO + 2 KMnO₄ + 3 H₂SO₄ → 5 C₆H₁₃COOH + 3 H₂O + K₂SO₄ + 2 MnSO₄

Even an alkyl group (with a benzylic hydrogen) on an aromatic ring is oxidized, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid.^[11]

5 C₆H₅CH₃ + 6 KMnO₄ + 9 H₂SO₄ → 5 C₆H₅COOH + 14 H₂O + 3 K₂SO₄ + 6 MnSO₄

Glycols and polyols are highly reactive toward KMnO₄. For example, addition of potassium permanganate to an aqueous solution of sugar and sodium hydroxide produces the chemical chameleon reaction, which involves dramatic color changes associated with the various oxidation states of manganese. A related vigorous reaction is exploited as a fire starter in survival kits. For example, a mixture of potassium permanganate and glycerol or pulverized glucose ignites readily.^[12] Its sterilizing properties are another reason for inclusion of KMnO₄ in a survival kit.

By itself, potassium permanganate does not dissolve in many organic solvents. If an organic solution of permanganate is desired, "purple benzene" may be prepared, either by treating a two phase mixture of aqueous potassium permanganate and benzene with a quaternary ammonium salt,^[13] or by sequestering the potassium cation with a crown ether.^[14]

Reaction with acids

Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with KMnO₄ to give Mn₂O₇, which can be explosive.^[15] Its reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid gives chlorine. The Mn-containing products from redox reactions depend on the pH. Acidic solutions of permanganate are reduced to the faintly pink manganese(II) ion (Mn²⁺) and water. In neutral solution, permanganate is only reduced by three electrons to give MnO₂, wherein Mn is in a +4 oxidation state. This is the material that stains one's skin when handling KMnO₄. KMnO₄ spontaneously reduces in an alkaline solution to green K₂MnO₄, wherein manganese is in the +6 oxidation state.

A curious reaction occurs upon addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to potassium permanganate. Although no reaction may be apparent, the vapor over the mixture will ignite paper impregnated with alcohol. Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidising power and rapidly oxidises the alcohol, causing it to combust. As the reaction also produces explosive Mn₂O₇, this should only be attempted with great care.^[16]^[17]

Photodecomposition

Potassium permanganate decomposes when exposed to light:

2 KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂(s) + O₂

Uses

Almost all applications of potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties.^[3] As a strong oxidant that does not generate toxic byproducts, KMnO₄ has many niche uses.

Water treatment and disinfection

As an oxidant, potassium permanganate can act as an antiseptic. For example, dilute solutions are used to treat canker sores (ulcers), disinfectant for the hands and treatment for mild pompholyx, dermatitis,^[18]^[19] and fungal infections of the hands or feet.^[20]

Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment industry. It is used as a regeneration chemical to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water via a "Manganese Greensand" Filter. "Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at pool supply stores, is used additionally to treat waste water. Historically it was used to disinfect drinking water.^[21]^[22] It currently finds application in the control of nuisance organisms such as Zebra mussels in fresh water collection and treatment systems.^[23]

Synthesis of organic compounds

Aside from its use in water treatment, the other major application of KMnO₄ is as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds.^[24] Significant amounts are required for the synthesis of ascorbic acid, chloramphenicol, saccharin, isonicotinic acid, and pyrazinoic acid.^[3]

A solution of KMnO₄ in water, in a volumetric flask

Analytical use

Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidisable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO₄ is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations (permanganometry). In a related way, it is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. For the standardization of KMnO₄ solutions, reduction by oxalic acid is often used.^[25]

Aqueous, acidic solutions of KMnO₄ are used to collect gaseous mercury in flue gas during stationary source emissions testing.^[26]

In histology, potassium permanganate was used as a bleaching agent.^[27]^[28]

Fruit preservation

Ethylene absorbents extend storage time of bananas even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing bananas in polyethylene together with potassium permanganate. By removing ethylene by oxidation, the permanganate delays the ripening., increasing the fruit's lifespan up to 3–4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Survival kits

Potassium permanganate is typically included in survival kits: as a fire starter (mixed with antifreeze from a car radiator or glycerin),^[12] water sterilizer, and for creating distress signals on snow.^[32]

Fire Service

Potassium permanganate is used in the "plastic sphere dispensers" used to set backfires, burnouts and prescribed fires. Polymer spheres resembling ping-pong balls containing small amounts of permanganate are injected with ethylene glycol and projected towards the area where ignition is desired, where they spontaneously ignite seconds later.^[33]^[34] Both handheld^[34] and helicopter^[33] or boat^[34] mounted plastic sphere dispensers are used.

Other uses

Potassium permanganate is one of the principal chemicals used in the film and television industries to "age" props and set dressings. Its ready conversion to brown MnO₂ create "hundred year old" or "ancient" looks on hessian cloth, ropes, timber and glass.^[35]

Safety and handling

As an oxidizer that generates the dark brown product MnO₂, potassium permanganate rapidly stains virtually any organic material such as skin, paper, and clothing. Solid KMnO₄ is a strong oxidizer and thus should be kept separated from oxidizable substances. Reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid produces the highly explosive manganese(VII) oxide (Mn₂O₇). When solid KMnO₄ is mixed with pure glycerol or other simple alcohols it will result in a violent combustion reaction.

3 C₃H₅(OH)₃ + 14 KMnO₄ → 14 MnO₂ + 7 K₂CO₃ + 2 CO₂ + 12 H₂O

References

^ http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7722-64-7
^ Burriel, F.; Lucena, F.; Arribas, S. and Hernández, J. (1985), Química Analítica Cualitativa, p. 688, ISBN 84-9732-140-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reidies, Arno H. (2002) "Manganese Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_123
^ Weeks, M. E. and Leicester, H. M.; Discovery of the Elements, Journal of Chemical Education 1968
^ "Important Trade Mark Case". Otago Witness 2 (2420): 53. 2 August 1900.
^ Walton, H. F. (1948) Inorganic Preparations. New York.
^ "Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry"; Brauer, E., Ed.; Academic: New York, 1963
^ Gus J. Palenik "Crystal structure of potassium permanganate" Inorg. Chem., 1967, volume 6, pp 503–507.doi:10.1021/ic50049a015
^ Donald G. Lee, Shannon E. Lamb, and Victor S. Chang (1990), Carboxylic Acids from the Oxidation of Terminal Alkenes by Permanganate: Nonadecanoic Acid, Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 7: 397
^ Ruhoff, John R., n-Heptanoic acid, Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 2: 315
^ Gardner KA, Mayer JM (1995). "Understanding C-H Bond Oxidations: H· and H- Transfer in the Oxidation of Toluene by Permanganate". Science 269 (5232): 1849–51. doi:10.1126/science.7569922. PMID 7569922.
^ ^a ^b Gillis, Bob and Labiste, Dino. "Fire by Chemical Reaction".
^ Arthur W. Herriott (1977). "Purple benzene: Solubilization of anions in organic solvents". J. Chem. Educ. 54 (4): 229. doi:10.1021/ed054p229.1.
^ Doheny, Anthony J., Jr. and Ganem, Bruce (1980). "Purple benzene revisited". J. Chem. Educ. 57 (4): 308. doi:10.1021/ed057p308.1.
^ Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A. and Bochmann, M. (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-19957-5
^ Barthel, H. and Duvinage, B. (2000). "Clemens Winkler. His Experiments with Ozone in 1892". Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Chemie 49: 18ff.
^ Dzhabiev, T. S.; Denisov, N. N.; Moiseev, D. N. and Shilov, A. E. (2005). "Formation of Ozone During the Reduction of Potassium Permanganate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions". Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry 79: 1755–1760.
^ BIRT AR (March 1964). "Drugs for eczema of children". Can Med Assoc J 90 (11): 693–4. PMC 1922428. PMID 14127384.
^ Stalder JF, Fleury M, Sourisse M, Allavoine T, Chalamet C, Brosset P, Litoux P (1992). "Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMnO₄) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis". Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 176: 132–4. PMID 1476027.
^ Program for Appropriate Technology in Health PATH (1988). "Skin diseases". Health Technol Dir 8 (3): 1–10. PMID 12282068.
^ Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.). Safe Drinking Water Committee (1977). Drinking water and health, Volume 2. National Academies Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-309-02931-5.
^ Downey, Robyn and Barrington, Mike (28 February 2005) "Red faces over pink water", The Northern Advocate.
^ EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants. epa.gov
^ Fatiadi, A. (1987). "The Classical Permanganate Ion: Still a Novel Oxidant in Organic Chemistry". Synthesis 1987 (2): 85–127. doi:10.1055/s-1987-27859.
^ Kovacs KA, Grof P, Burai L, Riedel M (2004). "Revising the Mechanism of the Permanganate/Oxalate Reaction". J. Phys. Chem. A 108 (50): 11026. doi:10.1021/jp047061u.
^ Code of Federal Regulations(7-1-07) Edition, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A-8, Method 29, Section 7.3.1
^ Picken, MM. (Apr 2010). "Amyloidosis-where are we now and where are we heading?". Arch Pathol Lab Med 134 (4): 545–51. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-134.4.545. PMID 20367306.
^ Murphy CL, Eulitz M, Hrncic R, Sletten K, Westermark P, Williams T, Macy SD, Wooliver C, Wall J, Weiss DT, Solomon A (2001). "Chemical typing of amyloid protein contained in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 116 (1): 135–42. doi:10.1309/TWBM-8L4E-VK22-FRH5. PMID 11447744.
^ Scott, KJ, McGlasson WB and Roberts EA (1970). "Potassium Permanganate as an Ethylene Absorbent in Polyethylene Bags to Delay the Ripening of Bananas During Storage". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10 (43): 237. doi:10.1071/EA9700237.
^ Scott KJ, Blake, JR, Stracha, G, Tugwell, BL and McGlasson WB (1971). "Transport of Bananas at Ambient Temperatures using Polyethylene Bags". Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 48: 163–165.
^ Scott, KJ and Gandanegara, S (1974). "Effect of Temperature on the Storage Life of bananas Held in Polyethylene Bags with an Ethylene Absorbent". Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 51: 23–26.
^ "Distress Signals". Evening Post CXXI (107): 5. 7 May 1936.
^ ^a ^b Plastic Sphere Dispenser - US Forest Service
^ ^a ^b ^c ""Wetland Warrior"". Dirty Jobs. Season 6. Episode 2.
^ Brody, Ester (February 2000). "Victor DeLor contractor profile". PaintPRO 2 (1). Retrieved 2009-11-12. "One of the techniques DeLor is known for among designers and clients is the special effects he creates with various chemical solutions. When applied to wood surfaces, these chemicals give a weathered appearance to new wood. ... To achieve the aesthetic on interior surfaces, DeLor often uses a mixture of water and potassium permanganate, a dry powder chemical."

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0672
National Pollutant Inventory: Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet
The use of potassium permanganate in fish ponds
Sugar, NaOH and KMnO4

Play media

Crystallization of KMnO₄ aqueous solution in real-time due to evaporation, 200x magnification

English Journal

Modification of cyanobacterial bloom-derived biomass using potassium permanganate enhanced the removal of microcystins and adsorption capacity toward cadmium (II).

Shao J1, Gu JD2, Peng L3, Luo S3, Luo H3, Yan Z4, Wu G5.Author information 1College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.2Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.3College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.4College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China. Electronic address: zhyyan111@163.com.5College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China. Electronic address: wugenyi99@163.com.AbstractCyanobacterial biomass shows high adsorption capacity toward heavy metal ions. However, the cyanotoxins in the cyanobacterial biomass inhibit its application in heavy metals removal. In order to safely and effectively remove Cd(II) from water using cyanobacterial bloom-derived biomass (CBDB), KMnO4 was used to modify CBDB. The results indicated that the microcystins in the CBDB were successfully removed by KMnO4. Potassium permanganate oxidation caused the transformation of hydroxyl to carboxyl on the CBDB, and formed manganese dioxide on the surface of CBDB. The oxidized CBDB showed higher adsorption capacity toward Cd(II) than that of unoxidized treatment. The optimal KMnO4 concentration for increasing the adsorption capacity of CBDB toward Cd(II) was 0.2g/L. The adsorption isotherm of Cd(II) by oxidized- or unoxidized-CBDB was well fitted by Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption of Cd(II) by CBDB was monolayer adsorption. The desorption ratio of Cd(II) from oxidized CBDB was higher than that from unoxidized CBDB in the desorption process using NH4NO3 and EDTA as desorbent. The results presented in this study suggest that KMnO4 modified CBDB may be used as a safe and high efficient adsorbent in Cd(II) removal from water.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2014 May 15;272:83-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.013. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
Cyanobacterial biomass shows high adsorption capacity toward heavy metal ions. However, the cyanotoxins in the cyanobacterial biomass inhibit its application in heavy metals removal. In order to safely and effectively remove Cd(II) from water using cyanobacterial bloom-derived biomass (CBDB), KMnO4
PMID 24681589

Development of KMnO(4)-releasing composites for in situ chemical oxidation of TCE-contaminated groundwater.

Liang SH1, Chen KF2, Wu CS3, Lin YH3, Kao CM4.Author information 1Taiwan VCM Co., Kaohsiung 832, Taiwan.2Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou County, Taiwan.3Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.4Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. Electronic address: jkao@mail.nsysu.edu.tw.AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop a controlled-oxidant-release technology combining in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and permeable reactive barrier (PRB) concepts to remediate trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater. In this study, a potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-releasing composite (PRC) was designed for KMnO4 release. The components of this PRC included polycaprolactone (PCL), KMnO4, and starch with a weight ratio of 1.14:2:0.96. Approximately 64% (w/w) of the KMnO4 was released from the PRC after 76 days of operation in a batch system. The results indicate that the released KMnO4 could oxidize TCE effectively. The results from a column study show that the KMnO4 released from 200 g of PRC could effectively remediate 101 pore volumes (PV) of TCE-contaminated groundwater (initial TCE concentration = 0.5 mg/L) and achieve up to 95% TCE removal. The effectiveness of the PRC system was verified by the following characteristics of the effluents collected after the PRC columns (barrier): (1) decreased TCE concentrations, (2) increased ORP and pH values, and (3) increased MnO2 and KMnO4 concentrations. The results of environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) analysis show that the PCL and starch completely filled up the pore spaces of the PRC, creating a composite with low porosity. Secondary micro-scale capillary permeability causes the KMnO4 release, mainly through a reaction-diffusion mechanism. The PRC developed could be used as an ISCO-based passive barrier system for plume control, and it has the potential to become a cost-effective alternative for the remediation of chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater.
Water research.Water Res.2014 May 1;54:149-58. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.068. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
The objective of this study was to develop a controlled-oxidant-release technology combining in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and permeable reactive barrier (PRB) concepts to remediate trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater. In this study, a potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-releasing composit
PMID 24568784

TiO2 nanoparticles doped SiO2 films with ordered mesopore channels: a catalytic nanoreactor.

Saha J1, Mitra A, Dandapat A, De G.Author information 1Nano-Structured Materials Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India. gde@cgcri.res.in.AbstractTitanium dioxide (TiO2) incorporated ordered 2D hexagonal mesoporous silica (SiO2) films on a glass substrate were fabricated for use as a catalytic nanoreactor. Films were prepared using a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) derived SiO2 sol and a commercially available dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of pluronic P123 as the structure directing agent. The effect of TiO2 doping (4-10 mol% with respect to the equivalent SiO2) into the ordered mesoporous SiO2 matrix was thoroughly investigated. The undoped SiO2 film showed a mesostructural transformation after heat-treatment at 350 °C whereas incorporation of TiO2 restricted such a transformation. Among all the TiO2 incorporated films, TEM showed that the 7 equivalent mol% TiO2 doped SiO2 film (ST-7) had an optimal composition which could retain the more organized 2D hexagonal (space group p6mm)-like mesostructures after heat-treatment. The catalytic activities of the TiO2 doped (4-10 mol%) films were investigated for the reduction of toxic KMnO4 in an aqueous medium. ST-7 film showed the maximum catalytic activity, as well as reusability. A TEM study on the resultant solution after KMnO4 reduction revealed the formation of MnO2 nanowires. It was understood that the embedded TiO2 NPs bonded SiO2 matrix increased the surface hydroxyl groups of the composite films resulting in the generation of acidic sites. The catalytic process can be explained by this enhanced surface acidity. The mesoporous channel of the ST-7 films with TiO2 doping can be used as a nanoreactor to form extremely thin MnO2 nanowires.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2014 Apr 7;43(13):5221-9. doi: 10.1039/c3dt53265h.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) incorporated ordered 2D hexagonal mesoporous silica (SiO2) films on a glass substrate were fabricated for use as a catalytic nanoreactor. Films were prepared using a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) derived SiO2 sol and a commercially available dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles
PMID 24515249

Japanese Journal

Mass production of graphene oxide from expanded graphite

Sun Ling,Fugetsu Bunshi
Material letters 109, 207-210, 2013-10-15
… The foam-like graphite was more easily oxidized in reaction with the oxidant (KMnO4) to form graphene oxide (GO). …
NAID 120005307920

Quantitative Evaluation of Real-time Measurements of Atmospheric Mercury in a Mercury- contaminated Area

Kono Yuriko,Tomiyasu Takashi
環境と安全 4(2), 2_153-2_157, 2013
… Temporal variations in atmospheric elemental mercury (Hg0) concentrations were recorded at each location, and atmospheric Hg0 was simultaneously collected by conventional methods using a mercury collector tube (Hgtube) and KMnO4 solution (HgMn). The concentrations of atmospheric mercury collected by the conventional methods ranged from 0.17 to 36 μg m−3 (n=19), while that obtained by the real-time measurement (Hgreal-time) ranged from <0.1 to 38 μg m (n=19). …
NAID 130003378396

Effect of Coating Agents onto Cardboard Boxes on Keeping Freshness of Strawberry

SHA Lizheng,ZHAO Huifang,XIAO Gongnian
Food Science and Technology Research 19(4), 553-560, 2013
… Results show that the weight loss and cell membrane permeability of strawberries packaged in the cardboard boxes coated with hydrated silicon dioxide, KMnO4 and polylysine are less than that of strawberries packaged in conventional cardboard boxes, while the hardness of strawberries in coated cardboard boxes is higher than that of strawberries in conventional cardboard boxes, that is, cardboard boxes with inner freshness keeping coating have better effect. … KMnO4: 0.136%; …
NAID 130003365280

「過マンガン酸カリウム」

Potassium permanganate
	IUPAC name Potassium manganate(VII)
	Other names Potassium permanganate; Chameleon mineral; Condy's crystals; Permanganate of potash; Hypermangan
Identifiers
CAS number	7722-64-7
PubChem	516875
ChemSpider	22810
EC number	231-760-3
UN number	1490
KEGG	D02053
RTECS number	SD6475000
ATC code	D08AX06,V03AB18
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O ;
	InChI InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1 ; Key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
Properties
Molecular formula	KMnO4
Molar mass	158.034 g/mol
Appearance	purplish-bronze-gray needles; magenta–rose in solution
Odor	odorless
Density	2.703 g/cm3
Melting point	240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	63.8 g/L (20 °C); 250 g/L (65 °C)
Solubility	decomposes in alcohol and organic solvents
Refractive index (nD)	1.59
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic
Thermochemistry
Specific; heat capacity C	119.2 J/mol K
Std molar; entropy So298	171.7 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of; formation ΔfHo298	−813.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy ΔG	-713.8 kJ/mol
Hazards
EU Index	025-002-00-9
EU classification	Oxidant (O); Harmful (Xn); Dangerous for the environment (N); Non-Flammable
R-phrases	R8, R22, R50/53
S-phrases	(S2), S60, S61
NFPA 704	0 2 0 OX
LD50	1090 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Other anions	Potassium manganite; Potassium manganate
Other cations	Sodium permanganate; Ammonium permanganate
Related compounds	Manganese heptoxide
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
	(verify) (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

過マンガン酸カリウム
	IUPAC名 Potassium manganate(VII)
	別称過マンガン酸カリウム; Chameleon mineral; Condy's crystals
識別情報
CAS登録番号	7722-64-7
PubChem	24400
ChemSpider	22810
EINECS	231-760-3
国連番号	1490
KEGG	D02053
RTECS番号	SD6475000
	SMILES [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1 ; Key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
特性
化学式	KMnO4
モル質量	158.034 g/mol
外観	深紫色結晶; 溶液中でマゼンタ色からバラ色
匂い	無臭
密度	2.703 g/cm3
融点	200 °C, 473 K, 392 °F (分解)
水への溶解度	6.38 g/100 ml (20 °C); 25 g/100 mL (65 °C)
溶解度	アルコールや有機溶媒中で分解
構造
結晶構造	柱状斜方晶系結晶
熱化学
標準生成熱 ΔfHo	−813.4 kJ/mol
標準モルエントロピー So	171.7 J K–1 mol–1
危険性
MSDS	External MSDS
EU分類	Oxidant (O); Harmful (Xn); Dangerous for the environment (N); Non-Flammable
EU Index	025-002-00-9
NFPA 704	0 2 0 OX
Rフレーズ	R8 R22 R50/53
Sフレーズ	S2 S60 S61
関連する物質
その他の陰イオン	マンガン酸カリウム
その他の陽イオン	過マンガン酸ナトリウム; 過マンガン酸アンモニウム
関連物質	七酸化二マンガン
	特記なき場合、データは常温 (25 °C)・常圧 (100 kPa) におけるものである。

　　[★]

英: potassium permanganate、KMnO4
ラ: kalii permanganas
同: カメレオン水 chameleon solution
関: 過マンガン酸

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[Ullmann-3] Reidies, Arno H. (2002) "Manganese Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_123

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[8] Gus J. Palenik "Crystal structure of potassium permanganate" Inorg. Chem., 1967, volume 6, pp 503–507.doi:10.1021/ic50049a015

[9] Donald G. Lee, Shannon E. Lamb, and Victor S. Chang (1990), Carboxylic Acids from the Oxidation of Terminal Alkenes by Permanganate: Nonadecanoic Acid, Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 7: 397

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[11] Gardner KA, Mayer JM (1995). "Understanding C-H Bond Oxidations: H· and H- Transfer in the Oxidation of Toluene by Permanganate". Science 269 (5232): 1849–51. doi:10.1126/science.7569922. PMID 7569922.

[Bob_Gillis_and_Dino_Labiste-12] Gillis, Bob and Labiste, Dino. "Fire by Chemical Reaction".

[13] Arthur W. Herriott (1977). "Purple benzene: Solubilization of anions in organic solvents". J. Chem. Educ. 54 (4): 229. doi:10.1021/ed054p229.1.

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[17] Dzhabiev, T. S.; Denisov, N. N.; Moiseev, D. N. and Shilov, A. E. (2005). "Formation of Ozone During the Reduction of Potassium Permanganate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions". Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry 79: 1755–1760.

[pmid14127384-18] BIRT AR (March 1964). "Drugs for eczema of children". Can Med Assoc J 90 (11): 693–4. PMC 1922428. PMID 14127384.

[pmid1476027-19] Stalder JF, Fleury M, Sourisse M, Allavoine T, Chalamet C, Brosset P, Litoux P (1992). "Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMnO₄) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis". Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 176: 132–4. PMID 1476027.

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[25] Kovacs KA, Grof P, Burai L, Riedel M (2004). "Revising the Mechanism of the Permanganate/Oxalate Reaction". J. Phys. Chem. A 108 (50): 11026. doi:10.1021/jp047061u.

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[pmid20367306-27] Picken, MM. (Apr 2010). "Amyloidosis-where are we now and where are we heading?". Arch Pathol Lab Med 134 (4): 545–51. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-134.4.545. PMID 20367306.

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[35] Brody, Ester (February 2000). "Victor DeLor contractor profile". PaintPRO 2 (1). Retrieved 2009-11-12. "One of the techniques DeLor is known for among designers and clients is the special effects he creates with various chemical solutions. When applied to wood surfaces, these chemicals give a weathered appearance to new wood. ... To achieve the aesthetic on interior surfaces, DeLor often uses a mixture of water and potassium permanganate, a dry powder chemical."

過マンガン酸カリウム



IUPAC名 Potassium manganate(VII)
別称過マンガン酸カリウム Chameleon mineral Condy's crystals
識別情報
CAS登録番号	7722-64-7
PubChem	24400
ChemSpider	22810
EINECS	231-760-3
国連番号	1490
KEGG	D02053
RTECS番号	SD6475000
SMILES [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O
InChI InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1 Key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
特性
化学式	KMnO₄
モル質量	158.034 g/mol
外観	深紫色結晶溶液中でマゼンタ色からバラ色
匂い	無臭
密度	2.703 g/cm³
融点	200 °C, 473 K, 392 °F (分解)
水への溶解度	6.38 g/100 ml (20 °C) 25 g/100 mL (65 °C)
溶解度	アルコールや有機溶媒中で分解
構造
結晶構造	柱状斜方晶系結晶
熱化学
標準生成熱 Δ_fH^o	−813.4 kJ/mol
標準モルエントロピー S^o	171.7 J K^–1 mol^–1
危険性
MSDS	External MSDS
EU分類	Oxidant (O) Harmful (Xn) Dangerous for the environment (N) Non-Flammable
EU Index	025-002-00-9
NFPA 704	0 2 0 OX
Rフレーズ	R8 R22 R50/53
Sフレーズ	S2 S60 S61
関連する物質
その他の陰イオン	マンガン酸カリウム
その他の陽イオン	過マンガン酸ナトリウム過マンガン酸アンモニウム
関連物質	七酸化二マンガン
特記なき場合、データは常温 (25 °C)・常圧 (100 kPa) におけるものである。

Potassium permanganate


IUPAC name Potassium manganate(VII)
Other names Potassium permanganate Chameleon mineral Condy's crystals Permanganate of potash Hypermangan
Identifiers
CAS number	7722-64-7^Y
PubChem	516875
ChemSpider	22810^Y
EC number	231-760-3
UN number	1490
KEGG	D02053^N
RTECS number	SD6475000
ATC code	D08AX06,V03AB18
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O
InChI InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1^Y Key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y
Properties
Molecular formula	KMnO₄
Molar mass	158.034 g/mol
Appearance	purplish-bronze-gray needles magenta–rose in solution
Odor	odorless
Density	2.703 g/cm³
Melting point	240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	63.8 g/L (20 °C) 250 g/L (65 °C)
Solubility	decomposes in alcohol and organic solvents
Refractive index (n_D)	1.59
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic
Thermochemistry
Specific heat capacity C	119.2 J/mol K
Std molar entropy S^o₂₉₈	171.7 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹
Std enthalpy of formation Δ_fH^o₂₉₈	−813.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy ΔG	-713.8 kJ/mol
Hazards
EU Index	025-002-00-9
EU classification	Oxidant (O) Harmful (Xn) Dangerous for the environment (N) Non-Flammable
R-phrases	R8, R22, R50/53
S-phrases	(S2), S60, S61
NFPA 704	0 2 0 OX
LD₅₀	1090 mg/kg (oral, rat)^[1]
Related compounds
Other anions	Potassium manganite Potassium manganate
Other cations	Sodium permanganate Ammonium permanganate
Related compounds	Manganese heptoxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
N (verify) (what is: Y/N?)
Infobox references

匿名

検索

案内

KMnO4