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an order of insects including: bees; wasps; ants; ichneumons; sawflies; gall wasps; etc. (同)order Hymenoptera

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/27 19:12:50」(JST)

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The Hymenoptera are one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. Over 130,000 species are recognized, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν (hymen): membrane and πτερόν (pteron): wing. The hind wings are connected to the fore wings by a series of hooks called hamuli.

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places. The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through complete metamorphosis — that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature (See holometabolism).

Evolution[edit]

Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic, the oldest fossils belonging to the family Xyelidae. Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous.^[1] The evolution of this group has been intensively studied by A. Rasnitsyn, M. S. Engel, G. Dlussky, and others.

Anatomy[edit]

Hymenoptera range in size from very small to large insects, and usually have two pairs of wings. Their mouthparts are adapted for chewing, with well-developed mandibles (ectognathous mouthparts). Many species have further developed the mouthparts into a lengthy proboscis, with which they can drink liquids, such as nectar. They have large compound eyes, and typically three ocelli.

The forward margin of the hind wing bears a number of hooked bristles, or "hamuli", which lock onto the fore wing, keeping them held together. The smaller species may have only two or three hamuli on each side, but the largest wasps may have a considerable number, keeping the wings gripped together especially tightly. Hymenopteran wings have relatively few veins compared with many other insects, especially in the smaller species.

In the more ancestral Hymenoptera, the ovipositor is blade-like, and has evolved for slicing plant tissues. In the majority, however, it is modified for piercing, and, in some cases, is several times the length of the body. In some species, the ovipositor has become modified as a sting, and the eggs are laid from the base of the structure, rather than from the tip, which is used only to inject venom. The sting is typically used to immobilise prey, but in some wasps and bees may be used in defense.^[2]

The larvae of the more ancestral Hymenoptera resemble caterpillars in appearance, and like them, typically feed on leaves. They have large chewing mandibles, three thoracic limbs, and, in most cases, a number of abdominal prolegs. Unlike caterpillars, however, the prolegs have no grasping spines, and the antennae are reduced to mere stubs.

The larvae of other Hymenoptera, however, more closely resemble maggots, and are adapted to life in a protected environment. This may be the body of a host organism, or a cell in a nest, where the adults will care for the larva. Such larvae have soft bodies with no limbs. They are also unable to defecate until they reach adulthood due to having an incomplete digestive tract, presumably to avoid contaminating their environment.^[2]

Sex determination[edit]

Main article: Haplodiploid sex-determination system

Among most or all hymenopterans, sex is determined by the number of chromosomes an individual possesses.^[3] Fertilized eggs get two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent's respective gametes), and so develop into diploid females, while unfertilized eggs only contain one set (from the mother), and so develop into haploid males; the act of fertilization is under the voluntary control of the egg-laying female.^[2] This phenomenon is called haplodiploidy.

However, the actual genetic mechanisms of haplodiploid sex determination may be more complex than simple chromosome number. In many Hymenoptera, sex is actually determined by a single gene locus with many alleles.^[3] In these species, haploids are male and diploids heterozygous at the sex locus are female, but occasionally a diploid will be homozygous at the sex locus and develop as a male instead. This is especially likely to occur in an individual whose parents were siblings or other close relatives. Diploid males are known to be produced by inbreeding in many ant, bee and wasp species. Diploid biparental males are usually sterile but a few species that have fertile diploid males are known.^[4]

One consequence of haplodiploidy is that females on average actually have more genes in common with their sisters than they do with their own daughters. Because of this, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, and has been hypothesized to contribute to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order.^[2] In many colonies of bees, ants, and wasps, worker females will remove eggs laid by other workers due to increased relatedness to direct siblings, a phenomenon known as worker policing. ^[5]

Diet[edit]

Different species of Hymenoptera show a wide range of feeding habits. The most primitive forms are typically herbivorous, feeding on leaves or pine needles. Stinging wasps are predators, and will provision their larvae with immobilised prey, while bees feed on nectar and pollen.

A number of species are parasitoid as larvae. The adults inject the eggs into a paralysed host, which they begin to consume after hatching. Some species are even hyperparasitoid, with the host itself being another parasitoid insect. Habits intermediate between those of the herbivorous and parasitoid forms are shown in some hymenopterans, which inhabit the galls or nests of other insects, stealing their food, and eventually killing and eating the occupant.^[2]

Classification[edit]

Giant honey bee Apis dorsata on Tribulus terrestris in Hyderabad, India

Symphyta[edit]

The suborder Symphyta includes the sawflies, horntails, and parasitic wood wasps. The group may be paraphyletic, as it has been suggested that the family Orussidae may be the group from which the Apocrita arose. They have an unconstricted junction between the thorax and abdomen. The larvae are herbivorous free-living eruciforms, with three pairs of true legs, prolegs (on every segment, unlike Lepidoptera) and ocelli. The prolegs do not have crochet hooks at the ends unlike the larvae of the Lepidoptera.

Apocrita[edit]

The wasps, bees, and ants together make up the suborder Apocrita, characterized by a constriction between the first and second abdominal segments called a wasp-waist (petiole), also involving the fusion of the first abdominal segment to the thorax. Also, the larvae of all Apocrita do not have legs, prolegs, or ocelli.

References in fiction[edit]

In the play-by-post role-playing game Blue Dwarf, the name Hymenoptera is given to a species of large space-travelling insects. Hymenoptera are a recurring enemy who conquer planets to convert the planet's living protein into food. They are allergic to alcohol.

"Hymenoptera" is a short story written by Michael Blumlein in 1993.

References[edit]

^ Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. pp. 570–579. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.
^ ^a ^b David P. Cowan and Julie K. Stahlhut (July 13, 2004). "Functionally reproductive diploid and haploid males in an inbreeding hymenopteran with complementary sex determination". PNAS 101 (28). doi:10.1073/pnas.0402481101.
^ Elias, J.; Mazzi, D.; Dorn, S. (2009). "No Need to Discriminate? Reproductive Diploid Males in a Parasitoid with Complementary Sex Determination". In Bilde, Trine. PLoS ONE 4 (6): e6024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006024. PMC 2696080. PMID 19551142. edit
^ Davies, N.R., Krebs, J.R., and West, S.A. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. pp. 387-388

Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.
Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. (2002). History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 242–254. ISBN 1-4020-0026-X.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hymenoptera.

Wikispecies has information related to: Hymenoptera

Look up Hymenoptera in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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1. ミツバチ、スズメバチ、および他の膜翅目刺傷：反応の型および急性期マネージメント bee yellow jacket wasp and other hymenoptera stings reaction types and acute management
2. ハチ毒アレルギーの診断 diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy
3. ハチ毒免疫療法：有効性、適応、および作用機序 hymenoptera venom immunotherapy efficacy indications and mechanism of action
4. 蜂（Bee, yellow jacket, hornet, and wasp）：
生物学および識別 bees yellow jackets hornets and wasps biology and identification
5. ハチ毒免疫療法：技術的問題、プロトコル、副作用、およびモニタリング hymenoptera venom immunotherapy technical issues protocols adverse effects and monitoring

English Journal

Phylogenetic relationships of yellowjackets inferred from nine loci (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae, Vespula and Dolichovespula).

Lopez-Osorio F1, Pickett KM2, Carpenter JM3, Ballif BA2, Agnarsson I2.Author information 1Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Room 120A Marsh Life Science Building, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. Electronic address: flopezos@uvm.edu.2Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Room 120A Marsh Life Science Building, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.3Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10023, USA.AbstractEusociality has arisen repeatedly and independently in the history of insects, often leading to evolutionary success and ecological dominance. Eusocial wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula, or yellowjackets, have developed advanced social traits in a relatively small number of species. The origin of traits such as effective paternity and colony size has been interpreted with reference to an established phylogenetic hypothesis that is based on phenotypic data, while the application of molecular evidence to phylogenetic analysis within yellowjackets has been limited. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of yellowjackets on the basis of mitochondrial and nuclear markers (nuclear: 28S, EF1α, Pol II, and wg; mitochondrial: 12S, 16S, COI, COII, and Cytb). We use these data to test the monophyly of yellowjackets and species groups, and resolve species-level relationships within each genus using parsimony and Bayesian inference. Our results indicate that a yellowjacket clade is either weakly supported (parsimony) or rejected (Bayesian inference). However, the monophyly of each yellowjacket genus as well as species groups are strongly supported and concordant between methods. Our results agree with previous studies regarding the monophyly of the Vespula vulgaris group and the sister relationship between the V. rufa and V. squamosa groups. This suggests convergence of large colony size and high effective paternity in the vulgaris group and V. squamosa, or a single origin of both traits in the most recent common ancestor of all Vespula species and their evolutionary reversal in the rufa group.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2014 Apr;73:190-201. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.007. Epub 2014 Jan 24.
Eusociality has arisen repeatedly and independently in the history of insects, often leading to evolutionary success and ecological dominance. Eusocial wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula, or yellowjackets, have developed advanced social traits in a relatively small number of species. The
PMID 24462637

Evaluation of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB)-Barrier for control of vector and nuisance mosquitoes and its effect on non-target organisms in sub-tropical environments in Florida.

Qualls WA1, Müller GC2, Revay EE3, Allan SA4, Arheart KL5, Beier JC5, Smith ML6, Scott JM6, Kravchenko VD7, Hausmann A8, Yefremova ZA7, Xue RD6.Author information 1Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: w.qualls@med.miami.edu.2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.3Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 34995, Israel.4United States Department of Agriculture-ARS-Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA.5Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.6Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, FL, USA.7Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.8Bavarian Natural History Collections (Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, SNSB), Munich, Germany; Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM), Munich, Germany.AbstractThe efficacy of attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) with the active ingredient eugenol, an Environmental Protection Agency exempt compound, was evaluated against vector and nuisance mosquitoes in both laboratory and field studies. In the laboratory, eugenol combined in attractive sugar bait (ASB) solution provided high levels of mortality for Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Field studies demonstrated significant control: >70% reduction for Aedes atlanticus, Aedes. infirmatus, and Culex nigripalpus and >50% reduction for Anopheles crucians, Uranotaenia sapphirina, Culiseta melanura, and Culex erraticus three weeks post ATSB application. Furthermore, non-target feeding of six insect orders, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Orthoptera, was evaluated in the field after application of a dyed-ASB to flowering and non-flowering vegetation. ASB feeding (staining) was determined by dissecting the guts and searching for food dye with a dissecting microscope. The potential impact of ATSB on non-targets, applied on green non-flowering vegetation was low for all non-target groups (0.9%). However, application of the ASB to flowering vegetation resulted in significant staining of the non-target insect orders. This highlights the need for application guidelines to reduce non-target effects. No mortality was observed in laboratory studies with predatory non-targets, spiders, praying mantis, or ground beetles, after feeding for three days on mosquitoes engorged on ATSB. Overall, our laboratory and field studies support the use of eugenol as an active ingredient for controlling important vector and nuisance mosquitoes when used as an ATSB toxin. This is the first study demonstrating effective control of anophelines in non-arid environments which suggest that even in highly competitive sugar rich environments this method could be used for control of malaria in Latin American countries.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2014 Mar;131:104-10. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.004. Epub 2013 Dec 19.
The efficacy of attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) with the active ingredient eugenol, an Environmental Protection Agency exempt compound, was evaluated against vector and nuisance mosquitoes in both laboratory and field studies. In the laboratory, eugenol combined in attractive sugar bait (ASB) so
PMID 24361724

Epidemiologic investigation of hornet and paper wasp stings in forest workers and electrical facility field workers in Japan.

Hayashi Y1, Hirata H1, Watanabe M1, Yoshida N1, Yokoyama T1, Murayama Y1, Sugiyama K1, Arima M2, Fukushima Y1, Fukuda T1, Ishii Y1.Author information 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.2Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.AbstractBackground: Forestry and field workers who work outdoors are at high risk for Hymenoptera stings and may develop occupation-related allergies from being stung. However, clinical and immunological surveys of Hymenoptera stings in the occupational setting have rarely been reported. We surveyed the natural history of Hymenoptera stings in Japanese forestry workers (FWs) and electrical facility field workers (EFFWs), and we assessed the utility of measuring specific (s)IgE Ab to Hymenptera venom. Methods: Questionnaires on hornet and paper wasp stings were completed by 999 FWs, 354 EFFWs, and 365 office workers as controls between July and November 2009. Sera from these participants were tested for sIgE Ab levels to Hymenptera venom with a CAP system using a fluoroenzyme immunoassay. Results: Of the participants who had experienced Hymenoptera stings, 914 (91.5%) were FWs, 293 (82.8%) were EFFWs, and 295 (80.8%) were controls. Of the participants who had experienced systemic reactions, 210 (21.0%) were FWs, 51 (14.4%) were EFFWs, and 39 (10.7%) were controls. sIgE Ab in response to hornet and wasp venom was positive (≥ class 2) in 42.4% and 41.4% of FWs, 30.1% and 31.4% of EFFWs, and 15.1% and 18.1% of controls, respectively. The likelihood of being sIgE-positive to wasp and hornet venom was significantly higher in FWs and EFFWs than in controls (P < 0.05). Conclusions: 21% of FWs and 14% of EFFWs had experienced systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings with a higher frequency compared with office workers in the same area. 40% of FWs and 30% of EFFWs had sera that were sIgE positive to Hymenoptera venom.
Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology.Allergol Int.2014 Mar;63(1):21-6. doi: 10.2332/allergolint.13-OA-0556. Epub 2013 Nov 25.
Background: Forestry and field workers who work outdoors are at high risk for Hymenoptera stings and may develop occupation-related allergies from being stung. However, clinical and immunological surveys of Hymenoptera stings in the occupational setting have rarely been reported. We surveyed the nat
PMID 24270224

Japanese Journal

土着寄生蜂コナガサムライコマユバチの簡易捕獲法および遺伝子診断法

屋良佳緒利,下田武志,日本典秀 [他]
関東東山病害虫研究会報 = Annual report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society 60, 131-134, 2013-12
NAID 40019929886

マエキトゲチュウレンジSpinarge flavicostalis(ハチ目,ミフシハバチ科)の宿主植物と生活史に関する新知見

Shinohara Akihiko,Kojima Haruyoshi,Hara Hideho
Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 39(4), 185-191, 2013-11
NAID 40019934097

Molecular characterization and tissue localization of sensory neuron membrane protein from Chinese honey bee, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Hu Ying-Ying,Xu Shu-Fa,Wubie Abebe Jenberie [他]
Applied entomology and zoology 48(4), 533-545, 2013-11
NAID 40019883881

Related Pictures

Hymenoptera Pictures Introduction to the Hymenoptera Hymenoptera / Megachilidae - Anthidium Virtual Insect Collection Hymenoptera from Curtis, Hymenoptera | ferrebeekeeper

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ハチ目」「膜翅目」

「ハチ目」

Hymenoptera; Temporal range: Triassic - Recent 251–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	female Netelia producta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Superorder:	Hymenopterida
Order:	Hymenoptera; Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
	Apocrita; Symphyta

　　[★]

ラ: Hymenoptera
関: 膜翅目、ハチ類

「膜翅目」

　　[★]

ラ: Hymenoptera
関: ハチ目、ハチ類

[IIBD1-1] Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.

[IIBD-2] Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. pp. 570–579. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.

[Cowan2004-3] David P. Cowan and Julie K. Stahlhut (July 13, 2004). "Functionally reproductive diploid and haploid males in an inbreeding hymenopteran with complementary sex determination". PNAS 101 (28). doi:10.1073/pnas.0402481101.

[4] Elias, J.; Mazzi, D.; Dorn, S. (2009). "No Need to Discriminate? Reproductive Diploid Males in a Parasitoid with Complementary Sex Determination". In Bilde, Trine. PLoS ONE 4 (6): e6024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006024. PMC 2696080. PMID 19551142. edit

[5] Davies, N.R., Krebs, J.R., and West, S.A. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. pp. 387-388

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