Geranium

ゲンノショウコ属、ゲラニウム属、Geranium属

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geranium herb

WordNet

1. genus of mostly North American geraniums: cranesbills
2. any of numerous plants of the family Geraniaceae

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. テンジクアオイ,ゼラニウム(園芸植物;赤・桃色・白の花を咲かせる) / ゼラニウム(鮮紅)色

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/18 17:21:49」(JST)

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This article is about the botanical genus called Geranium. For the summer bedding plants often called "geranium", see Pelargonium. For other uses, see Geranium (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Germanium.

Geranium
Geranium dissectum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
(unranked):	Eudicots
Order:	Geraniales
Family:	Geraniaceae
Genus:	Geranium L., 1753
Species
See list.

Geranium is a genus of 422 species of flowering annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as the cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, but mostly in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region. The long, palmately cleft leaves are broadly circular in form. The flowers have five petals and are coloured white, pink, purple or blue, often with distinctive veining. Geraniums will grow in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged. Propagation is by semiripe cuttings in summer, by seed, or by division in autumn or spring.

The genus name is derived from the Greek γέρανος, géranos, or γερανός, geranós, crane. The English name "cranesbill" derives from the appearance of the fruit capsule of some of the species. Species in the Geranium genus have a distinctive mechanism for seed dispersal. This consists of a beak-like column which springs open when ripe and casts the seeds some distance. The fruit capsule consists of five cells, each containing one seed, joined to a column produced from the centre of the old flower. The common name cranesbill comes from the shape of the unsprung column, which in some species is long and looks like the bill of a crane. Many species in this genus do not have a long beak-like column.

Geraniums are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail and mouse moth.

The species Geranium viscosissimum is considered to be protocarnivorous.

Confusion with pelargoniums

Showing the "bill" and seed dispersal mechanism of Geranium pratense

Confusingly, "geranium" is also the common name of members of the genus Pelargonium (sometimes known as 'storksbill'), which are also in the Geraniaceae family. These are generally half-hardy plants which are either grown from seed every year, or offered as bedding in spring and discarded after flowering. Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, Geranium, but they were later separated into two genera by Charles L’Héritier in 1789. Other former members of the genus are now classified in genus Erodium, including the plants known as filarees in North America.

The term "hardy geranium" is often applied to geraniums to distinguish them from the pelargoniums. However, not all geranium species are winter-hardy (see below).

Structure

The shape of the flowers offers one way of distinguishing between the two genera Geranium and Pelargonium. Geranium flowers have five very similar petals, and are thus radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), whereas pelargonium flowers have two upper petals which are different from the three lower petals, so the flowers have a single plane of symmetry (zygomorphic).

Cultivation

A number of geranium species are cultivated for horticulutural use and for pharmaceutical products. Some of the more commonly grown species include:

• Geranium cinereum
• Geranium clarkei (Clark's geranium)
• Geranium dalmaticum
• Geranium endressii (Endres's cranesbill)
• Geranium fremontii (Fremont's geranium)
• Geranium himalayense often sold under Geranium grandiflorum
• Geranium ibericum (Caucasus geranium),
• Geranium macrorrhizum (bigroot cranesbill or bigroot geranium)
• Geranium maculatum (wild geranium)
• Geranium maderense (giant herb robert)
• Geranium × magnificum (showy geranium)
• Geranium phaeum
• Geranium platypetalum (broad-petaled geranium)
• Geranium pratense (meadow cranesbill)
• Geranium psilostemon (Armenian cranesbill)
• Geranium renardii (Renard geranium)
• Geranium sanguineum (bloody cranesbill)
• Geranium subcaulescens (grey cranesbill)
• Geranium sylvaticum (wood cranesbill)

All the above species are perennials and generally winter-hardy plants, grown for their attractive flowers and foliage. They are long-lived and most have a mounding habit, with palmately lobed foliage. Some species have spreading rhizomes. They are normally grown in part shade to full sun, in well-draining but moisture retentive soils, rich in humus. Other perennial species grown for their flowers and foliage include: G. argenteum, G. eriostemon, G. farreri, G. nodosum, G. procurrens, G. pylzowianum, G. renardii, G. traversii, G. tuberosum, G. versicolor, G. wallichianum and G. wlassovianum. Some of these are not winter-hardy in cold areas and are grown in specialized gardens like rock gardens. Geranium 'Johnson's Blue' is a hybrid between G. himalayense (southwestern China), with G. pratense (European meadow cranesbill).

The following hybrid cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (other cultivars are dealt with under their species name - see above).

'Ann Folkard' 'Dilys' 'Johnson's Blue' 'Mavis Simpson'

'Orion' 'Rozanne' 'A. T. Johnson' (G. x oxonianum) 'Wargrave pink' (G. x oxonianum)

Gallery

• Geranium phaeum - from Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

• Geranium platypetalum

• Geranium sanguineum

• Geranium pratense, or meadow cranesbill

• Flower and seed-head of herb robert
  (Geranium robertianum)

• Geranium maderense

• Geranium maderense

• Geranium maculatum

See also

• List of cranesbill species
• Pelargonium graveolens, from which Geranium essential oil is distilled

References

• Genus Geranium in North America: the Perennials

External links

• ITIS list of Geranium species
• Geranium Taxonomic Information System

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Transgenerational effects of plant sex and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

• Varga S, Vega-Frutis R, Kytöviita MM.SourceDepartment of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
• The New phytologist.New Phytol.2013 Aug;199(3):812-21. doi: 10.1111/nph.12305. Epub 2013 May 9.
• In gynodioecious plants, females are predicted to produce more and/or better offspring than hermaphrodites in order to be maintained in the same population. In the field, the roots of both sexes are usually colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Transgenerational effects of mycorrhizal symb
• PMID 23659431

• In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils and individual compounds against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae.

• Lu M, Han Z, Yao L.SourceAromatic Plant R & D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
• Journal of applied microbiology.J Appl Microbiol.2013 Jul;115(1):187-98. doi: 10.1111/jam.12208. Epub 2013 Apr 30.
• AIM: To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of essential oils (EOs) from cassia, basil, geranium, lemongrass, cumin and thyme, as well as their major components, against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae; to investigate morphological changes in hyphae and sporangia in response to treatment with
• PMID 23551716

• Hygroscopic movements in Geraniaceae: the structural variations that are responsible for coiling or bending.

• Abraham Y, Elbaum R.SourceThe Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
• The New phytologist.New Phytol.2013 Jul;199(2):584-94. doi: 10.1111/nph.12254. Epub 2013 Apr 10.
• The family Geraniaceae is characterized by a beak-like fruit, consisting of five seeds appended by a tapering awn. The awns exhibit coiling or bending hygroscopic movement as part of the seed dispersal strategy. Here we explain the variation in the hygroscopic reaction based on structural principles
• PMID 23574364

Japanese Journal

• Herbivore pressure by weevils associated with flower color polymorphism in Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae)

• Tsuchimatsu Takashi,Yoshitake Hiraku,Ito Motomi
• Journal of plant research 127(2), 265-273, 2014-03
• NAID 40020003906

• 植物による温熱環境の冷却効果に関する研究

• 橋本 博文
• Eco-Engineering 25(4), 111-116, 2013
• … In order to investigate the cooling effect by plants on the thermal environment, the temperature of the system with plants was measured and compared to the temperature of the control system without plants for twelve species of plants, Asparagus, Basil, Begonia, Chingensai, Fuyushirazu, Geranium, Habotan, Marigold, Minitomato, Oxycardium, Pansy, and Pothos. … In the case of Asparagus, Geranium, and Pothos, both of the cooling effect and the function were not strong. …
• NAID 130003384089

• FUROSONIN, A NOVEL HYDROLYZABLE TANNIN FROM GERANIUM THUNBERGII (Dedicated to Professor Dr. Ei-ichi Negishi on the occasion of his 77th birthday)

• Taniguchi Shoko,Nogaki Ryouta,Bao Li-Ming [他]
• Heterocycles : an international journal for reviews and communications in heterocyclic chemistry 86(2), 1525-1532, 2012-12-31
• NAID 40019534042

Related Links

• GeraniumWeb.com ゲラニウム専門サイト

Geranium、 ゲラニウム、ゲラニューム、 Hardy Geraniums、 ハーディ ゲラニウム、フウロ、フウロソウの専門サイトです。 ゲラニウム種子の販売も始めました。(2012年11月12日～12月22日の期間限定発売)このサイトは、私自身が育てたゲラ ...

• ゼラニウム(Geranium) - 電磁波（FDTD法）～熱流体解析 ...

ゼラニウム(Geranium) は、丈夫で手入れが簡単で長く咲き続けるので 日本やスイスなど、世界各国の家のベランダで見られる非耐寒性常緑多年草です。 花色は代表的な赤の他、ピンクや白、橙、青紫などがあります。 葉はハート形をしており ...

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「ゲンノショウコ属」

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Geranium、geranium herb

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Geranium属、ゲンノショウコ、ゲラニウム属

「ゲラニウム属」

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Geranium

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ゲンノショウコ属、Geranium属

「geranium herb」

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Geranium

「Geranium属」

　　[★]

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Geranium

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ゲンノショウコ属、ゲラニウム属