関: F344 rat、inbred F344 rat

WordNet

give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
United States chess master; world champion from 1972 to 1975 (born in 1943) (同)Bobby Fischer, Robert James Fischer
German chemist noted for work on synthetic sugars and the purines (1852-1919) (同)Emil Hermann Fischer
German chemist noted for his synthesis of hemin (1881-1945) (同)Hans Fischer
standing or position on a scale
a local tax on property (usually used in the plural)

PrepTutorEJDIC

『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率
ばかな,信じられない

UpToDate Contents

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1. 鼠咬症 rat bite fever
2. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats
3. 発疹熱の疫学および臨床症状 the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of murine typhus
4. 環境中のアレルゲンサンプリング allergen sampling in the environment
5. ペスト（Yersinia pestis感染症）の疫学、微生物学および病因 epidemiology microbiology and pathogenesis of plague yersinia pestis infection

English Journal

Baccharis trimera Improves the Antioxidant Defense System and Inhibits iNOS and NADPH Oxidase Expression in a Rat Model of Inflammation.

Cruz Padua Bd, Rossoni Junior JV, de Brito Magalhaes CL, Seiberf JB, Araujo CM, Bianco de Souza GH, Chaves MM, Silva ME, Pedrosa ML, Costa DC.Author information Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas do Nucleo de Pesquisas em Ciencias Biologicas - NUPEB; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35.400-000, Brasil. dani.caldeiracosta@gmail.com.AbstractAcetaminophen is a common analgesic and antipyretic compound which, when administered in high doses, has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality, secondary to hepatic toxicity. Although this may be due to a direct interaction of reactive acetaminophen metabolites with hepatocyte proteins, recent studies have suggested that reactive species produced by neutrophils also contribute to the pathophysiological process. Researches on the chemical composition of B. trimera show that this plant has bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, related to the organism's protection against free radicals. Therefore, in the present study, using Fischer rats, the effect of B. trimera on the antioxidant defense system, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and of the subunits of the NADPH oxidase in neutrophils was evaluated in a model of phagocytosis induced by zimosan (ZC3b) and in a model of inflammation induced by acetaminophen. The results show that the treatment with B. trimera improves the defense system of antioxidant and restores the balance ROS / NO that is altered in the inflammatory process induced by APAP. In conclusion, B. trimera extracts exert antioxidant properties by scavenging ROS and decrease the expression of genes responsible by reactive species production in neutrophils.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(11):975-84.
Acetaminophen is a common analgesic and antipyretic compound which, when administered in high doses, has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality, secondary to hepatic toxicity. Although this may be due to a direct interaction of reactive acetaminophen metabolites with hepatocyte pro
PMID 24372242

Strain differences influence timing and magnitude of both acute and late inflammatory reactions after intratracheal instillation of an alkylating agent in rats.

Gustafsson A, Svensson-Elfsmark L, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A.Author information Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.AbstractThe acute pulmonary responses after exposure to sulfur and nitrogen mustards are well documented whereas the late pulmonary effects are not. With a novel focus on the immune system this paper investigate whether late phase pulmonary effects developed in rats exposed to the nitrogen mustard melphalan are linked to the acute responses and whether the reactions are genetically regulated. The DA rat strain was used to establish a lung exposure model. Five other inbred rat strains (PVG, PVG.1AV1, LEW, WF and F344) were compared within the model at selected time points. All rat strains displayed a biphasic pattern of leukocyte infiltration in the lungs, dominated by neutrophils 2 days after exposure and a second peak dominated by macrophages 29 days after exposure. The number of macrophages was higher in the DA rat compared with the other strains. The infiltration of lymphocytes in the lungs varied in both time of appearance and magnitude between strains. The quantity of collagen deposition in the lungs varied between strains at day 90; LEW and WF displayed high collagen content which coincided with an increased level of cytotoxic T cells. LEW further displayed an increased number of T helper cells and natural killer (NK) T cells in the lungs. The results in this study suggest there is a link between the development of lung fibrosis and high cytotoxic cell responses and that there is a genetic influence, as there are variations in acute and late adverse reactions between rat strains in both timing and magnitude. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.J Appl Toxicol.2014 Mar;34(3):272-80. doi: 10.1002/jat.2878. Epub 2013 Apr 29.
The acute pulmonary responses after exposure to sulfur and nitrogen mustards are well documented whereas the late pulmonary effects are not. With a novel focus on the immune system this paper investigate whether late phase pulmonary effects developed in rats exposed to the nitrogen mustard melphalan
PMID 23625772

A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages.

Yu Y1, Fuscoe JC2, Zhao C3, Guo C4, Jia M3, Qing T3, Bannon DI5, Lancashire L6, Bao W7, Du T3, Luo H3, Su Z8, Jones WD9, Moland CL8, Branham WS8, Qian F8, Ning B8, Li Y8, Hong H8, Guo L8, Mei N8, Shi T10, Wang KY11, Wolfinger RD7, Nikolsky Y6, Walker SJ12, Duerksen-Hughes P13, Mason CE14, Tong W8, Thierry-Mieg J15, Thierry-Mieg D15, Shi L16, Wang C17.Author information 11] Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China [2].21] National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA [2].3Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.4Functional Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA.5Army Institute of Public Health, U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, USA.6Computation Biology and Bioinformatics, IP & Science, Thomson Reuters, London EC1N 8JS, UK.7SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, USA.8National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA.9Expression Analysis Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA.10The Center for Bioinformatics and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, Shanghai 200241, China.11Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.12Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.13Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.14Department of Physiology & Biophysics and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.15National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA.161] Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China [2] National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA [3] Fudan-Zhangjiang Center for Clinical Genomics and Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.17Center for Genomics and Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.AbstractThe rat has been used extensively as a model for evaluating chemical toxicities and for understanding drug mechanisms. However, its transcriptome across multiple organs, or developmental stages, has not yet been reported. Here we show, as part of the SEQC consortium efforts, a comprehensive rat transcriptomic BodyMap created by performing RNA-Seq on 320 samples from 11 organs of both sexes of juvenile, adolescent, adult and aged Fischer 344 rats. We catalogue the expression profiles of 40,064 genes, 65,167 transcripts, 31,909 alternatively spliced transcript variants and 2,367 non-coding genes/non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) annotated in AceView. We find that organ-enriched, differentially expressed genes reflect the known organ-specific biological activities. A large number of transcripts show organ-specific, age-dependent or sex-specific differential expression patterns. We create a web-based, open-access rat BodyMap database of expression profiles with crosslinks to other widely used databases, anticipating that it will serve as a primary resource for biomedical research using the rat model.
Nature communications.Nat Commun.2014 Feb 10;5:3230. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4230.
The rat has been used extensively as a model for evaluating chemical toxicities and for understanding drug mechanisms. However, its transcriptome across multiple organs, or developmental stages, has not yet been reported. Here we show, as part of the SEQC consortium efforts, a comprehensive rat tran
PMID 24510058