WordNet

shoot in two strokes under par
(golf) a score of two strokes under par on a hole
a former gold coin in the United States worth 10 dollars
any of various large keen-sighted diurnal birds of prey noted for their broad wings and strong soaring flight (同)bird of Jove
an emblem representing power; "the Roman eagle"
shoot two strokes under par; "She eagled the hole" (同)double birdie
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"

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『ワシ』 / ワシ印;ワシ印の旗 / (ゴルフで)標準より二つ少ない打数
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/01 07:30:18」(JST)

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Eagle syndrome (also termed stylohyoid syndrome^[1] styloid syndrome,^[2] styloid-stylohyoid syndrome,^[2] or styloid–carotid artery syndrome)^[3] is a rare condition characterized by sudden, sharp nerve-like pain in the jaw bone and joint, back of the throat, and base of the tongue, triggered by swallowing, moving the jaw, or turning the neck.^[1] Named for the doctor who first described it in 1937,^[who?] the condition is caused by an elongated or misshapen styloid process, the slender, pointed piece of bone just below the ear, and/or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, which interferes with the functioning of neighboring regions in the body, giving rise to pain.^{[citation needed]}

Signs and symptoms

Possible symptoms include:

Sharp, shooting pain in the jaw, back of the throat, base of the tongue,^[1] ears, neck, and/or face^[4]
Difficulty swallowing^[4]
Sensation of having a foreign object in throat^[4]
Pain from chewing, swallowing, turning the neck, or touching the back of the throat^[5]
Ringing or buzzing in the ears

Classic eagle syndrome is present on only one side, however, rarely, it may be present on both sides.^[4]

In vascular eagle syndrome, the elongated styloid process comes in contact with the internal carotid artery below the skull. In these cases, turning the head can cause compression of the artery or a tear inside the blood vessel, which restricts blood flow and can potentially lead to a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.^[4]

Cause

The cause of the condition is unknown.

Diagnosis

Radiograph, lateral view showing elongated stylohyoid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification
Radiograph, lateral view showing joint-like formation in ossified stylohyoid ligament
CT scan, coronal section showing bilateral extended styloid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification (incidental finding)
3D-reconstructed CT scan showing bilateral stylohyoid ligament ossification
3D reconstructed CT scan showing elongated styloid process (right side)

Diagnosis is suspected when a patient presents with the symptoms of the classic form of "eagle syndrome" e.g. unilateral neck pain, sore throat or tinnitus. Sometimes the tip of the styloid process is palpable in the back of the throat. The diagnosis of the vascular type is more difficult and requires an expert opinion. One should have a high level of suspicion when neurological symptoms occur upon head rotation. Symptoms tend to be worsened on bimanual palpation of the styloid through the tonsillar bed. They may be relieved by infiltration of lidocaine into the tonsillar bed. Because of the proximity of several large vascular structures in this area this procedure should not be considered to be risk free.

Imaging is important and is diagnostic. Visualizing the styloid process on a CT scan with 3D reconstruction is the suggested imaging technique.^[6] The enlarged styloid may be visible on an orthopantogram or a lateral soft tissue X ray of the neck.

It is worth noting that the styloid may be enlarged (>30 millimeters in length) in 4% of the population and only a small minority (~4%) of people with enlarged styloids have symptoms.

Treatment

In both the classic and vascular form, the treatment is surgical.^[7] A partial styloidectomy is the preferred approach. Repair of a damaged carotid artery is essential in order to prevent further neurological complications.^{[citation needed]} Regrowth of the stylohyoid process and relapse are a common occurrence.^[5]

Epidemiology

Approximately 4% of the general population have an elongated styloid process, and of these about 4% give rise to the symptoms of Eagle syndrome.^[8] Therefore, the incidence of stylohyoid syndrome may be about 0.16%.^[8]

Patients with this syndrome tend to be between 30 and 50 years of age but it has been recorded in teenagers and in patients > 75 years old. It is more common in women, with a male:female ratio ~ 1:2.

History

The condition was first described by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle in 1937.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Waldman SD (6 June 2013). Atlas of Uncommon Pain Syndromes. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 35–36. ISBN 1-4557-0999-9.
^ ^a ^b Bumann A; Lotzmann U (2002). TMJ Disorders and Orofacial Pain: The Role of Dentistry in a Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Approach. Thieme. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-58890-111-8.
^ Hoffmann, E.; Räder, C.; Fuhrmann, H.; Maurer, P. (2013). "Styloid–carotid artery syndrome treated surgically with Piezosurgery: A case report and literature review". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 41 (2): 162–166. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2012.07.004. PMID 22902881.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kamal, A; Nazir, R; Usman, M; Salam, BU; Sana, F (November 2014). "Eagle syndrome; radiological evaluation and management.". JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 64 (11): 1315–7. PMID 25831655.
^ ^a ^b Scully C (21 July 2014). Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. ISBN 978-0-7020-5963-6.
^ Karam C, Koussa S (December 2007). "[Eagle syndrome: the role of CT scan with 3D reconstructions]". J Neuroradiol (in French). 34 (5): 344–5. doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2007.08.001. PMID 17997158.
^ Orhan KS, Güldiken Y, Ural HI, Cakmak A (April 2005). "[Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): literature review and a case report]". Agri (in Turkish). 17 (2): 23–5. PMID 15977090.
^ ^a ^b ^c Petrović, B; Radak, D; Kostić, V; Covicković-Sternić, N (2008). "[Styloid syndrome: a review of literature].". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo. 136 (11-12): 667–74. PMID 19177834.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Eagle syndrome surgical treatment with piezosurgery.

Bertossi D1, Albanese M, Chiarini L, Corega C, Mortellaro C, Nocini P.
The Journal of craniofacial surgery.J Craniofac Surg.2014 May;25(3):811-3. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000700.
INTRODUCTION: Eagle syndrome (ES) is an uncommon complication of styloid process elongation with stylohyoideal complex symptomatic calcification. It is an uncommon condition (4% of the population) that is symptomatic in only 4% of the cases. Eagle syndrome is usually an acquired condition that can b
PMID 24785757

Carotid Artery Dissection due to Elongated Styloid Process: A Self-Stabbing Phenomenon.

Razak A1, Short JL, Hussain SI.
Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.J Neuroimaging.2014 May;24(3):298-301. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00759.x. Epub 2012 Nov 19.
Elongated styloid process (ESP) is an anatomical variant that has been described as the cause of Eagle syndrome. Until recently, the styloid process has not been appreciated as a significant contributor to carotid artery dissection (CAD), which is not part of Eagle syndrome. We present a case of a 4
PMID 23163559

Atypical presentation of Eagle syndrome with hypoglossal nerve palsy and Horner syndrome.

Bensoussan Y1, Letourneau-Guillon L, Ayad T.
Head & neck.Head Neck.2014 Mar 11. doi: 10.1002/hed.23675. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Many nerve injuries have been associated with Eagle syndrome. The cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X have been reported to be injured by the elongated styloid process in this syndrome.METHODS: We describe a case of Eagle syndrome with atypical symptoms of hypoglossal nerve palsy and Horner
PMID 24616143

Japanese Journal

Carotid Artery Dissection Caused by an Elongated Styloid Process: Three Case Reports and Review of the Literature

, , , ,
NMC Case Report Journal 2(1), 21-25, 2015
… Eagle syndrome is a set of symptoms associated with an elongated styloid process. … These cases, taken together with recent evidences showing that CAD was associated with the styloid process length, suggest that Eagle syndrome may not be an uncommon cause of CAD. …
NAID 130005056821

A Study on Ten Patients with Styloid Process Syndrome

, , , ,
耳鼻咽喉科臨床　補冊 138(0), 134-135, 2014
… We report 10 patients of styloid process syndrome who were admitted to our hospital. … The symptoms of styloid process syndrome are non-specific, which potentially delays accurate diagnosis. … Therefore, styloid process syndrome is a condition that should always be borne in mind in routine clinical practice. …
NAID 130004834013

Carotid Artery Dissection Caused by an Elongated Styloid Process: Three Case Reports and Review of the Literature

, , , ,
NMC Case Report Journal, 2014
… Eagle syndrome is a set of symptoms associated with an elongated styloid process. … These cases, taken together with recent evidences showing that CAD was associated with the styloid process length, suggest that Eagle syndrome may not be an uncommon cause of CAD. …
NAID 130004715771

「過長茎状突起症」

Eagle syndrome
	Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of cervical spine showing ossification of the stylohyoid ligament on both sides
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB	33542
eMedicine	article/1447247
	[edit on Wikidata]