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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/07 14:47:16」(JST)

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Not to be confused with the fungi genus Chytridium.

Crithidia are members of the trypanosome protozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.^[2] At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.

Crithidia bombi is perhaps the most well documented species and is the most prevalent parasite of bumblebees, including common species like Bombus terrestris, Bombus muscorum, and Bombus hortorum.^[3]^[4] The parasites negatively impact reproductive fitness of Bombus queens, as they affect their ovarian development as well as early colony establishment after the queens emerge from hibernation.^[5] Crithidia mellificae, is a parasite of the bee. Other species include C. fasciculata, C. deanei, C. desouzai, C. oncopelti, C. guilhermei and C. luciliae. C. deanei is atypical of the Crithidia genus, and it has been argued not a member of the Crithidia at all. It is not typical of trypanosomatids because of its unusual shape and it harbours endosymbiotic bacteria.^[6] C. luciliae is the substrate for the antinuclear antibody test used to diagnose lupus and other autoimmune disorders

These parasites may be at least partially responsible for declining wild bee populations. They cause the bees to lose their ability to distinguish between flowers that contain nectar and those that don't. They make many mistakes by visiting nectar scarce flowers and in so doing, slowly starve to death. Commercially bred bees are used in greenhouses to pollinate plants, for example tomatoes, and these bees typically harbor the parasite, while wild bees do not. It is believed that the commercial bees transmitted the parasite to wild populations in some cases. They escape from the greenhouses through vents; a simple mesh could help prevent this^{[citation needed]}.

Bibliography

^ Léger, Louis. 1902. Sur un flagellé parasite de l'Anopheles maculipennis. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 54: 354-356, [1].
^ Boulanger; et al. (2001). "Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection of the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp.". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 31 (2): 129–37. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00096-5. PMID 11164335.
^ Runckel, Charles; DeRisi, Joseph; Flenniken, Michelle L. (2014-04-17). "A Draft Genome of the Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite Crithidia mellificae". PLoS ONE. 9 (4): e95057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095057. PMC 3990616. PMID 24743507.
^ Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel (2001). "Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris". Evolution. 55 (8): 1639–1643.
^ Erler, Silvio; Popp, Mario; Wolf, Stephan; Lattorff, H. Michael G. (2012-05-01). "Sex, horizontal transmission, and multiple hosts prevent local adaptation of Crithidia bombi, a parasite of bumblebees (Bombus spp.)". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (5): 930–940. doi:10.1002/ece3.250. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3399159. PMID 22837838.
^ Camargo; et al. (1992). "Ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and synthetic oligonucleotide probing in the identification of genera of lower trypanosomatids". The Journal of Parasitology. 78 (1): 40–8. doi:10.2307/3283683. PMID 1310733.

External links

Crithidia at the Encyclopedia of Life

UpToDate Contents

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1. 2本鎖（ds）DNA、Sm、およびU1 RNPに対する抗体 antibodies to double stranded ds dna sm and u1 rnp
2. Clinical significance of antinuclear antibody staining patterns and associated autoantibodies

English Journal

Detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies by computer-aided automated immunofluorescence analysis.

Lakos G1, Gonzalez M1, Flaherty D1, Bentow C2, Ibarra C3, Stimson D3, Nacario L3, Hiemann R4, Dervieux T3.
Journal of immunological methods.J Immunol Methods.2016 Feb 24. pii: S0022-1759(16)30034-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.019. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: NOVA View is a computer aided fluorescence microscope that is used for the automated reading and interpretation of indirect immunofluorescent tests in diagnostic immunology. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the NOVA View® system for the measurement
PMID 26921629

Colony pace: a life-history trait affecting social insect epidemiology.

Buechel SD1, Schmid-Hempel P2.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2016 Jan 13;283(1822). pii: 20151919. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1919.
Among colonies of social insects, the worker turnover rate (colony 'pace') typically shows considerable variation. This has epidemiological consequences for parasites, because in 'fast-paced' colonies, with short-lived workers, the time of parasite residence in a given host will be reduced, and furt
PMID 26763696

Large scale patterns of abundance and distribution of parasites in Mexican bumblebees.

Gallot-Lavallée M1, Schmid-Hempel R2, Vandame R3, Vergara CH4, Schmid-Hempel P2.
Journal of invertebrate pathology.J Invertebr Pathol.2016 Jan;133:73-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.12.004. Epub 2015 Dec 8.
Bumblebees are highly valued for their pollination services in natural ecosystems as well as for agricultural crops. These precious pollinators are known to be declining worldwide, and one major factor contributing to this decline are infections by parasites. Knowledge about parasites in wild bumble
PMID 26678506

Japanese Journal

Correlates of parasite load in bumblebees in an Alpine habitat

Entomological science 8(2), 151-160, 2005-06-25
NAID 10016456917

Purification of Terminal Uridylyltransferase from the Crithidia Kinetoplast-Mitochondrion (RESEARCH FACILITY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS)

ICR annual report 7, 58-59, 2001-03
NAID 120000885681

Crithidia guilhermei : purification and partial characterization of a 62-kDa extracellular metalloproteinase

Exp Parasitol 97, 1-8, 2001
NAID 30022202104

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「クリチディア属」「クリティディア属」
拡張検索	「Crithidia属」「Crithidia fasciculata」

「クリチディア属」

Crithidia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Excavata
Phylum:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Kinetoplastea
Order:	Trypanosomatida
Genus:	Crithidia; Léger, 1902
Especies
	C. bombi; C. deanei; C. desouzai; C. fasciculata; C. guilhermei; C. luciliae; C. oncopelti'