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関: biting midge

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biting midges; sand flies (同)family Ceratopogonidae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/25 09:15:53」(JST)

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Ceratopogonidae, or biting midges (including what are called, in the United States and Canada, no-see-ums, midgies, sand flies, punkies, and others), are a family of small flies (1–4 mm long) in the order Diptera. They are closely related to the Chironomidae, Simuliidae (or black flies), and Thaumaleidae.

Atrichopogon sp. on Oedemera virescens

They are found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat throughout the world, as well as in mountain areas. Females of most species are adapted to suck blood from some kind of host animal. Culicoides, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea), and Leptoconops suck vertebrate blood. Some Atrichopogon and Forcipomyia species are ectoparasites on larger insects. Dasyhelea species feed exclusively on nectar. Species in other genera are predatory on other small insects. Larvae are always found in some damp location, such as under bark, in rotten wood, compost, mud, stream margins, tree holes, or water-holding plants (i.e., phytotelmata).

Ceratopogonidae male

Leptoconops

Biting midge or "punky" on a flower

While this Sphodromantis eats a bee, a ceratopogonid midge, sitting on the joint between the femur and tibia of the right-hand foreleg, fills its abdomen with the green mantis blood.

Many of the hematophagic (blood-eating) species are pests in beach or mountain habitats. Some other species are important pollinators of tropical crops such as cacao. The blood-sucking species may be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, or filarial worms. The bite of midges in the genus Culicoides causes an allergic response in equines known as sweet itch. In humans, their bites can cause intensely itchy, red welts that can persist for more than a week. The discomfort arises from a localized allergic reaction to the proteins in their saliva, which can be somewhat alleviated by topical antihistamines.

The smaller members of the family are tiny enough to pass through the apertures in typical window screens. Camping tents are often equipped with extra-fine mesh netting, called no-see-um nets, to keep the pests out.

References

Blanton, F.S. and W.W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1–257.
Clastrier, J. and W.W. Wirth. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1573.
Downes, J.A. and W.W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28: Ceratopogonidae. Pp. 393–421. In: McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.
Hendry, George. Midges in Scotland 4th Edition, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 2003 ISBN 1-84183-062-3
Mullen, G.R. and L.J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 13: 60–81.
Wirth, W.W. and F.S. Blanton. 1974. The West Indian sandflies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1474.
Wirth, W.W. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 1988. The Predaceous Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; Tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook Number 4. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden. xv + 160 pp.
Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90(3): 615–647.

External links

British insects: the families of Diptera – Delta guides, Biodiversity and Biological Collections
Ceratopogonidae – AAFC, Government of Canada
The Ceratopogonidae – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
Ceratopogonid Web Page – Belmont University
Biting midges on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Flying Teeth Spain Buddy Website

English Journal

The influence of environmental management and animal shelters in vector control of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in northeastern Brazil.

Bandeira MDCA1, Brito GA1, da Penha A2, Santos CLC3, Rebêlo JMM2,4.
Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology.J Vector Ecol.2017 Jun;42(1):113-119. doi: 10.1111/jvec.12245.
PMID 28504450

Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three species in one: description of Culicoides cryptipulicaris sp. nov. and Culicoides quasipulicaris sp. nov. in the subgenus Culicoides.

Talavera S1, Muñoz-Muñoz F2, Verdún M1, Pagès N1.
Medical and veterinary entomology.Med Vet Entomol.2017 Jun;31(2):178-191. doi: 10.1111/mve.12228. Epub 2017 Mar 28.
PMID 28370147

Bluetongue outbreaks: Looking for effective control strategies against Culicoides vectors.

Benelli G1, Buttazzoni L2, Canale A3, D'Andrea A4, Del Serrone P2, Delrio G5, Foxi C5, Mariani S4, Savini G6, Vadivalagan C7, Murugan K8, Toniolo C9, Nicoletti M9, Serafini M9.
Research in veterinary science.Res Vet Sci.2017 May 20;115:263-270. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.023. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 28577491

Japanese Journal

アカシボに分布する無脊椎動物 : 尾瀬ヶ原のアカシボを中心に (雪氷の生態学 : 彩雪の生物群集)

福原晴夫,大高明史,木村直哉 [他],北村淳,菊地義昭,野原精一
低温科学 70(-) (-), 75-85, 2012
… 大型の分類群では, Oligochaeta（貧毛類）, Tipulidae（ガガンボ類）, Chironomidae（ユスリカ類）, Ceratopogonidae（ヌカカ類）などが出現し, 小型ではNematoda（線虫類）, Cyclopoida（ケンミジンコ類）, Harpacticoida（ソコミジンコ類）, Turbellaria（ウズムシ類）, Tardigrada（クマムシ類）などであった. …
NAID 40019324526

沖縄におけるオーストラリアヌカカCulicoides brevitarsisからのブルータングウイルスの分離

梁瀬徹,加藤友子,片桐慶人 [他]
衛生動物 61(1), 85-91, 2010-03-15
NAID 40017075022

日本産Culicoides属ヌカカ類の種目録

和田義人
有害生物 (5), 103-127, 2008
NAID 40016041560

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リンク元	「ヌカカ科」「biting midge」

「ヌカカ科」

Ceratopogonidae
	A female biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Culicomorpha
Superfamily:	Chironomoidea
Family:	Ceratopogonidae
Subfamilies
	Forcipomyiinae; Dasyheleinae; Ceratopogoninae; Leptoconopinae

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ラ: Ceratopogonidae
関: ヌカカ

「biting midge」

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ヌカカ

関: Ceratopogonidae

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Ceratopogonidae