関: cadmium chloride

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/21 07:10:46」(JST)

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Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chlorine, with the formula CdCl₂. It is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. Although it is considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding. The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), composed of two-dimensional layers of ions, is a reference for describing other crystal structures. Also known are CdCl₂.H₂O and CdCl₂^.5H₂O.^[2]

Structure

Cadmium chloride forms crystals with rhombohedral symmetry. Cadmium iodide, CdI₂, has a very similar crystal structure to CdCl₂. The individual layers in the two structures are identical, but in CdCl₂ the chloride ions are arranged in a CCP lattice, whereas in CdI₂ the iodide ions are arranged in an HCP lattice.^[7]^[8]

Chemical properties

Cadmium chloride dissolves well in water and other polar solvents. In water, its high solubility is due in part to formation of complex ions such as [CdCl₄]²⁻. Because of this behavior, CdCl₂ is a mild Lewis acid).^[7]

CdCl₂ + 2 Cl⁻ → [CdCl₄]²⁻

With large cations, it is possible to isolate the trigonal bipyramidal [CdCl₅]³⁻ ion.

Preparation

Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the action of anhydrous chlorine or hydrogen chloride gas on heated cadmium metal.

Cd + 2 HCl → CdCl₂ + H₂

Hydrochloric acid may be used to make hydrated CdCl₂ from the metal, or from cadmium oxide or cadmium carbonate.

Uses

Cadmium chloride is used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide, used as "Cadmium Yellow", a brilliant-yellow stable inorganic pigment.

CdCl
2 + H
2S → CdS + 2 HCl

In the laboratory, anhydrous CdCl₂ can be used for the preparation of organocadmium compounds of the type R₂Cd, where R is an aryl or a primary alkyl. These were once used in the synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides:^[9]

CdCl
2 + 2 RMgX → R
2Cd + MgCl
2 + MgX
2

R
2Cd + R'COCl → R'COR + CdCl
2

Such reagents have largely been supplanted by organocopper compounds, which are much less toxic.

Cadmium chloride is also used for photocopying, dyeing and electroplating.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "cadmium chloride". http://chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
^ ^a ^b Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 169.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Cadmium Chloride - CdCl2". http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm. Mona, Jamaica: The University of the West Indies. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Cadmium chloride. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
^ "Cadmium compounds (as Cd)". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
^ A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984.
^ J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0116
IARC Monograph "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds"
National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds

English Journal

Assessing potential harmful effects of CdSe quantum dots by using Drosophila melanogaster as in vivo model.

Alaraby M1, Demir E2, Hernández A3, Marcos R4.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Oct 15;530-531:66-75. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.069. Epub 2015 May 28.
Since CdSe QDs are increasingly used in medical and pharmaceutical sciences careful and systematic studies to determine their biosafety are needed. Since in vivo studies produce relevant information complementing in vitro data, we promote the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a suitable in vivo mode
PMID 26026410

Evaluation of proteome alterations induced by cadmium stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultures.

Lopes Júnior CA1, Barbosa Hde S2, Moretto Galazzi R1, Ferreira Koolen HH3, Gozzo FC3, Arruda MA4.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2015 Sep;119:170-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.016. Epub 2015 May 22.
The present study evaluates, at a proteomic level, changes in protein abundance in sunflower leaves in the absence or presence (at 50 or 700mg) of cadmium (as CdCl2). At the end of the cultivation period (45 days), proteins are extracted from leaves with phenol, separated by two-dimensional differen
PMID 26004357

Inhibition of cadmium- induced genotoxicity and histopathological changes in Nile tilapia fish by Egyptian and Tunisian montmorillonite clay.

Mahrous KF1, Hassan AM2, Radwan HA3, Mahmoud MA4.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2015 Sep;119:140-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.054. Epub 2015 May 19.
Cadmium (Cd) is an important inorganic toxicant widely distributed in the environment because of its various industrial uses. The aims of the current study were to investigate the efficacy of purified Egyptian and Tunisian montmorillonite clays (EMC and TMC) to inhibit genotoxicity and histological
PMID 26001163

Japanese Journal

Diurnal variation of cadmium-induced mortality in mice

Miura Nobuhiko,Yanagiba Yukie,Ohtani Katsumi [他],MITA Masaharu,TOGAWA Masako,HASEGAWA Tatsuya
Journal of toxicological sciences 37(1), 191-196, 2012-02-01
… Male ICR mice kept under standard condition (12 hr light/dark cycle, lights on at 08:00) were injected with CdCl2 (7.2 mg/kg, one shot) intraperitoneally at different time points in the day (zeitgeber time (ZT) 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20). …
NAID 10030037825

Health effects of low-level cadmium intake and the role of metallothionein on cadmium transport from mother rats to fetus

Nakamura Yasuhiro,Ohba Ken-ichi,Suzuki Keiji [他],OHTA Hisayoshi
Journal of toxicological sciences 37(1), 149-156, 2012-02-01
… Female Wistar rats were given Cd (as CdCl2) at a dose of 0, 1, 2, and 5 mgCd/kg/day by gastric tube daily for 6 consecutive days each week for 10 weeks. …
NAID 10030037690

Propolis Suppresses CdCl2-Induced Cytotoxicity of COS7 Cells through the Prevention of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation

Kamiya Tetsuro,Izumi Misato,Hara Hirokazu [他],Adachi Tetsuo
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(7), 1126-1131, 2012
… We previously reported that exposure to CdCl2 induced cell death though intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in kidney tubule epithelial COS7 cells. … Here, we investigated whether propolis extracts suppress CdCl2-induced cytotoxicity. … Predictably, pretreatment with propolis extracts significantly suppressed CdCl2-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular ROS generation. …
NAID 130001872116

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リンク元	「cadmium chloride」「塩化カドミウム」

「cadmium chloride」

Cadmium chloride
Names
	IUPAC name Cadmium dichloride
	Other names Cadmium(II) chloride
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	10108-64-2 ; 34330-64-8 (monohydrate)
ChEBI	CHEBI:35456
ChemSpider	23035
EC number	233-296-7
	InChI InChI=1S/Cd.2ClH/h;21H/q+2;;/p-2 ; Key: YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/Cd.2ClH/h;21H/q+2;;/p-2; Key: YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-NUQVWONBAG ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	24947
RTECS number	EV0175000
	SMILES [Cd+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] ;
UNII	J6K4F9V3BA
UN number	2570
Properties
Chemical formula	CdCl2
Molar mass	183.31 g·mol−1
Appearance	White solid, hygroscopic
Odor	Odorless
Density	4.047 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 3.327 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
Melting point	568 °C (1,054 °F; 841 K); at 760 mmHg
Boiling point	964 °C (1,767 °F; 1,237 K); at 760 mmHg
Solubility in water	Hemipentahydrate:; 79.5 g/100 mL (−10 °C); 90 g/100 mL (0 °C); Monohydrate:; 119.6 g/100 mL (25 °C); 134.3 g/100 mL (40 °C); 134.2 g/100 mL (60 °C); 147 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	Soluble in alcohol, selenium(IV) oxychloride, benzonitrile; Insoluble in ether, acetone
Solubility in pyridine	4.6 g/kg (0 °C); 7.9 g/kg (4 °C); 8.1 g/kg (15 °C); 6.7 g/kg (30 °C); 5 g/kg (100 °C)
Solubility in ethanol	1.3 g/100 g (10 °C); 1.48 g/100 g (20 °C); 1.91 g/100 g (40 °C); 2.53 g/100 g (70 °C)
Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide	18 g/100 g (25 °C)
Vapor pressure	0.01 kPa (471 °C); 0.1 kPa (541 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−6.87·10−5 cm3/mol
Viscosity	2.31 cP (597 °C); 1.87 cP (687 °C)
Structure
Crystal structure	Rhombohedral, hR9 (anhydrous); Monoclinic (hemipentahydrate)
Space group	R3m, No. 166 (anhydrous)
Point group	3 2/m (anhydrous)
Lattice constant	a = 3.846 Å, c = 17.479 Å (anhydrous) α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°
Thermochemistry
Specific; heat capacity (C)	74.7 J/mol·K
Std molar; entropy (So298)	115.3 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	−391.5 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)	−343.9 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet	External MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H301, H330, H340, H350, H360, H372, H410
GHS precautionary statements	P210, P260, P273, P284, P301+310, P310
EU classification	T+ N; Carc. Cat. 2; Muta. Cat. 2; Repr. Cat. 2
R-phrases	R45, R46, R60, R61, R25, R26, R48/23/25, R50/53
S-phrases	S53, S45, S60, S61
NFPA 704	1 3 0
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (Median dose)	94 mg/kg (rats, oral); 60 mg/kg (mouse, oral); 88 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Other anions	Cadmium fluoride; Cadmium bromide; Cadmium iodide
Other cations	Zinc chloride; Mercury(II) chloride; Calcium chloride
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references