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goldfish (同)genus Carassius

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/16 19:36:28」(JST)

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Carassius is a genus in the ray-finned fish family Cyprinidae. The species in this genus are commonly known as crucian carps, though this term often specifically refers to C. carassius. The most well known is the goldfish (C. auratus), which was bred from the Prussian carp (C. gibelio). They have a Eurasian distribution, apparently originating further to the west than the typical carps (Cyprinus), which include the common carp (C. carpio).

They are not particularly close relatives of the typical carps, but rather form a more basal lineage of the subfamily Cyprininae.^[1]

Species

†Note that Fishbase listing of common names identification is not consistient with Japan's Regional Red List.^[2] Fishbase for C. a. auratus lists kinbuna, and for C. a. buergeri both naga-buna and okin-buna (ōkin-buna).

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Carassius auratus argenteaphthalmus V. H. Nguyễn, 2001
- Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (goldfish) ........................ Chinese: 鯽/鲫/金魚; pinyin: jì; Wade–Giles: chi⁴; Ja: Hibuna (ヒブナ^?)
- Carassius auratus buergeri Temminck & Schlegel, 1846..........................Ja: ōkin-buna (オオキンブナ^?) (MOE)
- Carassius auratus grandoculis Temminck & Schlegel, 1846.....................Ja: nigoro-buna (ニゴロブナ^?) (MOE)
- Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck & Schlegel, 1846....... ...............Ja: gin-buna (ギンブナ^?) (MOE)
- Carassius auratus ssp.1 Regional Red List.....................................Ja: naga-buna (ナガブナ^?) (MOE)
- Carassius auratus ssp.2 Regional Red List.....................................Ja: kin-buna (キンブナ^?) (MOE)
Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) (crucian carp).................................. Chinese: 黑鯽/黑鲫; pinyin: hēijì; Wade–Giles: hei ¹ chi⁴; Ja: Europa-buna (ヨーロッパブナ^?)
Carassius cuvieri Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 (Japanese crucian carp)
- wild species endemic to Lake Biwa ................................................. Ja: gengorō-buna (ゲンゴロウブナ^?)
- cultivated taller body depth type ...................................................... Ja: hera-buna (ヘラブナ^?)
Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Prussian carp) Ja: Giberio-buna (ギベリオブナ^?)

Use

For the use of the European species, see under crucian carp.

The native Chinese Carassius subsspecies called ji (鯽魚), C. auratus auratus), is a different species from the European. But for most practical purposes, it is glossed as "crucian carp" in a typical Chniese-English dictionary, including wiktionary:鯽. For convenience, it will be denoted the "Chinese crucian".

Although the Chinese crucian can be raised as pets, it is also farmed and commonly used in Chinese cuisine. Despite being reputedly bony, the fish is easy to raise and relatively cheap, so are often deep fried as part of a worker's meal.

There are many extensive and luxurious preparations for this fish in Chinese cuisine. For example, it can be found in the Shanghainese dish congshao jiyu (蔥燒鯽魚, lit. scallion-cooked crucian carp), which requires long hours for preparation since the fish needs to be soaked in vinegar, and then deep-fried, stewed for a long prolonged period, and cooled to make the fish tender enough to consume together with all its bones.^[3] Also, the Chinese crucian is used to make soup with tofu, which the Chinese believe to benefit women in the postpartum period.^{[citation needed]}

There are several Japanese crucians, collectively called funa (ja:鮒). The generic fish can be used in a preparation called kanro-ni, stewed in syrupy, soy-sauce flavored liquid till they glisten, a preserved dish similar to tsukudani. The specialty dish funazushi specifically calls for the use one species, the nigoro-buna (C. a. grandoculis). Hence it would be misleading to say that any old crucian carp may be used for this delicacy. However, due to diminishing resources, ersatz funazushi are now being made using substitute types such as C. cuvieri. The deep-bodied forms of C. cuvieri, called hera-buna, shaped rather like flatfishes are caught by rod and tackle for sport, but are not considered good eating.

Footnotes

^ de Graaf et al. (2007)
^ JPNRDB search site
^ Lee, Jesse (2008), 上海味兒, 旗林文化, ISBN 978-986-6655-14-2

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carassius.

Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of Carassius in FishBase. August 2011 version.
de Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis & Sibbing, Ferdinand A. (2007): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation. Anim. Biol. 57(1): 39-48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069 (HTML abstract)

English Journal

Use of propofol as an anesthetic and its efficacy on some hematological values of ornamental fish Carassius auratus.

Gholipourkanani H, Ahadizadeh S.SourceDepartment of fisheries and natural resource, agriculture faculty, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):76. Epub 2013 Mar 4.
The aim of this study was to determine the level of anesthesia attained in Carassius auratus using a propofol bath administration and using values of haematological profile of blood and examinations, to assess the effects of the fish exposure to that anaesthetic. Acute toxicity values of propofol fo
PMID 23539492

Adaptive immune response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii.

Yamasaki M, Araki K, Nakanishi T, Nakayasu C, Yoshiura Y, Iida T, Yamamoto A.SourceThe United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.Vet Immunol Immunopathol.2013 May 15;153(1-2):83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.004. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
Edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in fish. Although cell-mediated immunity and innate immunity play a major role in protection against intracellular bacterial infection in mammals, their importance in protecting fish against E. tarda infection remain unclear
PMID 23489657

The accumulation and distribution of metals in water, sediment, aquatic macrophytes and fishes of the gruža reservoir, serbia.

Milošković A, Branković S, Simić V, Kovačević S, Cirković M, Manojlović D.SourceFaculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia, alekmil@kg.ac.rs.
Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.2013 May;90(5):563-9. doi: 10.1007/s00128-013-0969-8. Epub 2013 Feb 15.
The concentrations of iron, lead, cadmium, copper, manganese, mercury and arsenic were measured in water, sediment, five macrophytes (Typha angustifolia, Iris pseudacorus, Polygonum amphybium, Myriophyllum spicatum and Lemna gibba) and five fish species (Sander lucioperca, Abramis brama, Carassius g
PMID 23412697

Japanese Journal

Concentrations and human health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in edible fish species from a Rift Valley lake-Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

Yohannes Yared B.,Ikenaka Yoshinori,Saengtienchai Aksorn,Watanabe Kensuke P.,Nakayam Shouta M. M.,Ishizuka Mayumi
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 106, 95-101, 2014-08
… Thus, OCPs in edible fish species (Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii, Carassius spp., and Clarias gariepinus) from Lake Ziway, an Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake were investigated to assess the potential human health hazards of these contaminants. …
NAID 120005468140

Molecular identification of species and ploidy of Carassius fishes in Lake Biwa, using mtDNA and microsatellite multiplex PCRs

Mishina Tappei,Takada Mikumi,Takeshima Hirohiko [他]
Ichthyological research : an official journal of the Ichthyological Society of Japan 61(2), 169-177, 2014-04-25
NAID 40020049201

Genetic characterization of the progeny of a pair of the tetraploid silver crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii

Dong Jie,Murakami Masaru,Fujimoto Takafumi [他]
Fisheries science 79(6), 935-941, 2013-11
NAID 40019872786

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「フナ」「フナ属」「フナ類」「カラシウス属」
拡張検索	「Carassius属」「Carassius auratus」

「フナ」

Carassius
	The Naga-buna, a close relative of the Goldfish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cyprinidae
Subfamily:	Cyprininae
Genus:	Carassius; Nilsson, 1832