首腐病菌、((学名))ークホルデリア・グラディオリ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/18 21:18:41」(JST)

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Burkholderia gladioli is a species of aerobic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria^[1] that causes disease in both humans and plants. It can also live in symbiosis with plants and fungi^[2] and is found in soil, water, the rhizosphere, and in many animals. It was formerly known as Pseudomonas marginata.

One pathovariety, growing on coconut pulp, produces the respiratory toxin bongkrek acid which can cause fatal poisoning in humans.

Nomenclature[edit]

The members of the genus Burkholderia were formally classified as Pseudomonas, but Burkholderia was one of the seven genera that arose when Pseudomonas was divided based on rRNA differences.^[3] Burkholderia gladioli is closely related to, and often mistaken for, a member of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. This includes ten closely related species, which are all plant pathogens.

Burkholderia gladioli is divided into three pathovars: gladioli, allicola, and agaricicola. B. gladioli pv. gladioli causes gladiolus rot, allicola causes onion bulb rot, and agaricicola causes soft rot in mushrooms ^[4]

Identification[edit]

Burkholderia are motile, Gram negative rods that may be straight or slightly curved. They are aerobic, catalase positive, urease positive, nonsporeformers. They grow on MacConkey agar, but do not ferment the lactose. Burkholderia gladioli can be distinguished from the other Burkholderia because it is oxidase negative ^[1] B. gladioli is indole negative, nitrate negative, and lysine decorboxylation negative^[5]

On the molecular level, PCR can be used to distinguish between the different Burkholderia species. According to Furuya et al., the ribosomal RNA gene is highly conserved and universally distributed in all living things, and therefore difference in the DNA sequences between 16S and 23S rRNA genes can be used to differentiate between the species.^[6]

The primers used for the amplification of the 16S to 23S region in the B. gladioli genome are as follows: GLA-f 5'-(CGAGCTAATACCGCGAAA)-3' and GLA-r 5'-(AGACTCGAGTCAACTGA)-3' Using these primers for PCR results in an amplicon of approximately 300bp.^[6]

All members of the Burkholderia genus have multireplicon genomes. They are able to keep "essential housekeeping" genes on the largest chromosome This largest chromosome has a single origin of replication. The gene order and GC composition is conserved as well. Members of the Burkholderia genus are able to capture and retain foreign DNA. The foreign DNA can be detected by looking for atypical GC context areas. One of the first foreign DNA segments ditected this way encoded for virulence.^[1]

Pathology[edit]

In plants[edit]

Gladiolus plant inoculated with B. gladioli

Burkholderia gladioli has been identified as a plant pathogen in onions, gladiolus, iris, and together with Burkholderia glumae affect the rice. It was originally described to have caused rot of gladiolus corms. The bulbs can become water soaked and decay.

Some other common symptoms of infected plants can be seen in the leaves. The leaves contain brown legions, and they may become watersoaked. Other symptoms are the wilting and/or rot of roots, stems, and petals. B. gladioli has also been identified as the causative agent in leaf-sheath browning in gladiolas and onions. Sometimes, the whole plant decays.^[2]

One widespread plant disease caused by Burkholderia gladioli is called scab. It can be seen on Gladiolus corms as water-soaked brown spots, outlined in yellow. Eventually, they can become hollow and surrounded by scabs. If the scabs fall off, they leave behind cavities or lesions.^[7]

In humans[edit]

Burkholderia gladioli in humans is an opportunistic pathogen that is an important agent for hospital-associated infections. It has recently appeared as a severe pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis, causing severe pulmonary infections.^[2] Though it is still a fairly uncommon pathogen, its presence is associated with a poor prognosis. It has also colonized the respiratory tracts of patients with granulomatous disease. In lung transplant patients, infection can be fatal as patients have developed bacteremia and sterile wound infections as a result.^[8]

Tempe bongkrèk, a variation of tempeh prepared with coconut, is susceptible to B. gladioli pathovar. cocovenenans contamination. Contaminated tempe bongkrèk can contain lethal amounts of highly toxic bongkrek acid and toxoflavin.

External links[edit]

PubMed article on PCR identification of Burkholderia
EMedicine overview of Burkholderia

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Coenye, Tom, and Vandamme, Peter. (2007). Burkholderia: Molecular Microbiology and Genomics. Horizon Bioscience
^ ^a ^b ^c Stoyanova, M., Pavlina, I., Moncheva, P., & Bogatzevska, N. (2007, March). Biodiversity and Incidence of Burkholderia Species. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq., 47: 306-310.
^ Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P., & Klein, D. A. (2005). Bacteria: The Proteobacteria. In Microbiology, 6th Edition (pp. 482-483). New York: McGraw-Hill.
^ Jiao, Zhenquan, et al. (2003). Need to Differentiate Lethal Toxin-Producing Strains of Burkholderia gladioli, Which Cause Seere Food Poisoning: Description of B. gladioli Pathovar cocovenenans and an Emended Description of B. gladioli. Microbiol. Immunol, 915-925.
^ Graves, Margot, et al. (1997, October). Four Additional Cases of Burkholderia gladioli Infection with Microbiological Correlates and Review. CID. 838-842.
^ ^a ^b Furuya, Naruto. (2002). Specific Oligonucleotide Primers Based on Sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA Spacer Region for the Detection of Burkholderia gladioli by PCR. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:220-224
^ http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/651.pdf
^ www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/114/2/658.pdf

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嚢胞性線維症：肺疾患に対する抗菌薬療法 cystic fibrosis antibiotic therapy for lung disease
2. 成人におけるグラム陰性桿菌菌血症 gram negative bacillary bacteremia in adults
3. 鼻疽の疫学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of melioidosis
4. 肺移植後の細菌感染症 bacterial infections following lung transplantation
5. 嚢胞性線維症：肺疾患治療の概要 cystic fibrosis overview of the treatment of lung disease

English Journal

Comparative analysis of two emerging rice seed bacterial pathogens.

Fory PA, Triplett L, Ballen C, Abello J, Duitama J, Aricapa G, Prado GA, Correa F, Hamilton J, Leach J, Tohme J, Mosquera GM.Author information International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Agrobiodiversity Program, Cali, Colombia ; p.a.fory@cgiar.org.AbstractSeed sterility and grain discoloration limit rice production in Colombia and several Central American countries. In samples of discolored rice seed grown in Colombian fields, the species Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli were isolated, and field isolates were compared phenotypically. An artificial inoculation assay was used to determine that while both bacterial species cause symptoms on rice grains, B. glumae is a more aggressive pathogen, causing yield reduction and higher levels of grain sterility. To identify putative virulence genes differing between B. glumae and B. gladioli, four previously sequenced genomes of Asian and US strains of the two pathogens were compared with each other and with two draft genomes of Colombian B. glumae and B. gladioli isolates generated for this study. While previously characterized Burkholderia virulence factors are highly conserved between the two species, B. glumae and B. gladioli strains are predicted to encode distinct groups of genes encoding type VI secretion systems, transcriptional regulators, and membrane sensing proteins. This study shows that both B. glumae and B. gladioli can threaten grain quality although only one species affects yield. Furthermore, genotypic differences between the two strains are identified that could contribute to disease phenotypic differences.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2013 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Seed sterility and grain discoloration limit rice production in Colombia and several Central American countries. In samples of discolored rice seed grown in Colombian fields, the species Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli were isolated, and field isolates were compared phenotypically. An artificial
PMID 24261408

Peritonitis due to Burkholderia gladioli.

Tong Y, Dou L, Wang C.Author information Department of Nephrology, The First Affilliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China. Electronic address: tyq1229@yahoo.com.cn.AbstractWe report a case of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-related peritonitis. Burkholderia gladioli, as a plant pathogen, were cultured from peritoneal effluent. Peritonitis healed after intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin. This case indicated that CAPD effluent may be contaminated by B. gladioli, causing CAPD-related peritonitis. On the other hand, it can be successfully treated with intraperitoneal antimicrobials without removal of the Tenckhoff catheter.
Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.2013 Oct;77(2):174-5. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.06.010. Epub 2013 Jul 23.
We report a case of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-related peritonitis. Burkholderia gladioli, as a plant pathogen, were cultured from peritoneal effluent. Peritonitis healed after intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin. This case indicated that CAPD effluent may be contaminated
PMID 23886791

Recurrent Burkholderia gladioli suppurative lymphadenitis associated with neutralizing anti-IL-12p70 autoantibodies.

Sim BT, Browne SK, Vigliani M, Zachary D, Rosen L, Holland SM, Opal SM.
Journal of clinical immunology.J Clin Immunol.2013 Aug;33(6):1057-61. doi: 10.1007/s10875-013-9908-z. Epub 2013 May 26.
PMID 23708995

Japanese Journal

Burkholderia gladioli associated with symptoms of bacterial grain rot and leaf-sheath browning of rice plants

URA Hiroyuki,FURUYA Naruto,IIYAMA Kazuhiro,HIDAKA Masatomo,TSUCHIYA Kenichi,MATSUYAMA Nobuaki
Journal of general plant pathology : JGPP 72(2), 98-103, 2006-04-01
NAID 10018130161

Phylogenetic study and multiplex PCR based detection of Burkholderia plantarii, Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli using gyrB and rpoD sequences

MAEDA Y
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 1031-1038, 2006
NAID 30023104493

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リンク元	「首腐病菌」「バークホルデリア・グラディオリ」
関連記事	「Burkholderia」

「首腐病菌」

Burkholderia gladioli
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Beta Proteobacteria
Order:	Burkholderiales
Family:	Burkholderiaceae
Genus:	Burkholderia
Species:	B. gladioli
Binomial name
	Burkholderia gladioli; (Zopf 1885); Yabuuchi et al. 1993
Type strain
	ATCC 10248; CCUG 1782; CFBP 2427; CIP 105410; DSM 4285; HAMBI 2157; ICMP 3950; JCM 9311; LMG 2216; NBRC 13700; NCCB 38018; NCPPB 1891; NCTC 12378; NRRL B-793
Synonyms
	Pseudomonas gladioli Severini 1913; Burkholderia cocovenenans (van Damme et al. 1960) Gillis et al..; Pseudomonas cocovenenans van Damme et al. 1960; Pseudomonas antimicrobica Attafuah and Bradbury 1990; Pseudomonas marginata (McCulloch) Stapp; Pseudomonas farinofermentans Naixin; Pseudomonas alliicola (Burkholder 1942) Starr and Burkholder 1942