関: Betula、birch

WordNet

monoecious trees and shrubs (including the genera Betula and Alnus and Carpinus and Corylus and Ostrya and Ostryopsis) (同)family Betulaceae, birch family
any betulaceous tree or shrub of the genus Betula having a thin peeling bark (同)birch tree
hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood
whip with a birch twig
a switch consisting of a twig or a bundle of twigs from a birch tree; used to hit people as punishment; "my father never spared the birch" (同)birch rod
consisting of or made of wood of the birch tree (同)birchen, birken
a genus of trees of the family Betulaceae (such as birches) (同)genus Betula

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〈C〉カバの木 / 〈U〉カバ材 / (また『birch rid』)〈C〉カバの枝のむち (学童を罰するのに用いる) / …'を'枝むちで打つ,罰する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/10 20:20:10」(JST)

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Catkins of the hazel (Corylus avellana)

Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species.^[2] They are mostly natives of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species reaching the Southern Hemisphere in the Andes in South America. Their typical flowers are catkins and often appear before leaves.

In the past, the family was often divided into two families, Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula) and Corylaceae (the rest). Recent treatments, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have described these two groups as subfamilies within an expanded Betulaceae: Betuloideae and Coryloideae. Diagnostically, Betulaceae is very similar to Rosaceae and other rose motif families.

Evolutionary history

The Betulaceae are believed to have originated at the end of the Cretaceous period (about 70 million years ago) in central China. This region at the time would have had a Mediterranean climate due to the proximity of the Tethys Sea, which covered parts of present-day Tibet and Xinjiang into the early Tertiary period. This point of origin is supported by the fact that all six genera and 52 species are native to this region, many of those being endemic. All six modern genera are believed to have diverged fully by the Oligocene, with all genera in the family (with the exception of Ostryopsis) having a fossil record stretching back at least 20 million years from the present.

According to molecular phylogeny, the closest relatives of the Betulaceae are the Casuarinaceae, or the she-oaks.^[3]

Uses

Corylus avellana foliage and nuts

The common hazel (Corylus avellana) and the filbert (Corylus maxima) are important orchard plants, grown for their edible nuts.

The other genera include a number of popular ornamental trees, widely planted in parks and large gardens; several of the birches are particularly valued for their smooth, brightly coloured bark.

The wood is generally hard, tough and heavy, hornbeams particularly so; several species were of significant importance in the past where very hard wood capable of withstanding heavy wear was required, such as for cartwheels, water wheels, cog wheels, tool handles, chopping boards, and wooden pegs. In most of these uses, wood has now been replaced by metal or other man-made materials.

Subfamilies and Genera

Extant Species

Betuloideae
- Alnus Mill. 1754—alder
- Betula L. 1753—birch
Coryloideae
- Carpinus L. 1753—hornbeam
- Corylus L. 1753—hazel
- Ostrya Scop. 1760—hop-hornbeam
- Ostryopsis Decne. 1873—hazel-hornbeam

Fossils

†Asterocarpinus
†Coryloides
†Cranea
†Kardiasperma
†Palaeocarpinus

Phylogenetic systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:^[3]^[4]^[5]

Myricaceae (outgroup)

Casuarinaceae

Coryloideae

Corylus

Ostryopsis

	Ostrya

	Carpinus

Betuloideae

	Alnus

	Betula

References

^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ ^a ^b Soltis DE, Smith SA, Cellinese N, Wurdack KJ, Tank DC, Brockington SF, Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Walker JB, Moore MJ, Carlsward BS, Bell CD, Latvis M, Crawley S, Black C, Diouf D, Xi Z, Rushworth CA, Gitzendanner MA, Sytsma KJ, Qiu YL, Hilu KW, Davis CC, Sanderson MJ, Beaman RS, Olmstead RG, Judd WS, Donoghue MJ, Soltis PS. (2011). "Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". Am J Bot. 98 (4): 704–730. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404.
^ Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D. (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16: 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.
^ Chen Z-D, Manchester SR, Sun H-Y. (1999). "Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany". Am J Bot. 86: 1168–1181.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 口腔アレルギー症候群（花粉‐食物アレルギー症候群）の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of oral allergy syndrome pollen food allergy syndrome

English Journal

Chemical, mechanical and sensory monitoring of hot air- and infrared-roasted hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) during nine months of storage.

Belviso S1, Dal Bello B2, Giacosa S2, Bertolino M2, Ghirardello D2, Giordano M2, Rolle L2, Gerbi V2, Zeppa G2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2017 Feb 15;217:398-408. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.103. Epub 2016 Aug 30.
Roasted hazelnuts can be consumed as whole nuts, or as an ingredient in the confectionary and bakery industries and are highly appreciated for their typical taste, aroma and crunchy texture. In this work, two hazelnut types (TGT, Ordu) from two harvests were roasted using two different systems (hot
PMID 27664651

Cytotoxic Triterpenoids from the Barks of Betula platyphylla var. japonica.

Eom HJ1, Kang HR1, Choi SU2, Kim KH1.
Chemistry & biodiversity.Chem Biodivers.2017 Jan 4. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201600400. [Epub ahead of print]
Phytochemical investigation on the barks of Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Betulaceae) was carried out, resulting in the isolation and identification of three new triterpenoids, 27-O-cis-caffeoylcylicodiscic acid (1), 27-O-cis-feruloylcylicodiscic acid (2), and 27-O-cis-caffeoylmyricerol (3), alo
PMID 28052515

The effects of herbal composition Gambigyeongsinhwan (4) on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats and HepG2 cells.

Yoon S1, Kim J1, Lee H1, Lee H1, Lim J1, Yang H2, Shin SS3, Yoon M4.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2017 Jan 4;195:204-213. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.020. Epub 2016 Nov 11.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hepatic steatosis has risen rapidly in parallel with a dramatic increase in obesity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the herbal composition Gambigyeongsinhwan (4) (GGH(4)), composed of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (Be
PMID 27845265

Japanese Journal

Erysiphe paracarpinicola : A new species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Carpinus cordata (Betulaceae)

Meeboon Jamjan,Takamatsu Susumu
Mycoscience 54(3), 210-216, 2013-05
NAID 40019647540

Antifibrotic Activity of Diarylheptanoids from Betula platyphylla toward HSC-T6 Cells

LEE Mina,PARK Jung Hyun,MIN Dong Sun [他],YOO Hunseung,PARK Jin Ho,KIM Young Choong,SUNG Sang Hyun
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 76(9), 1616-1620, 2012-09-23
NAID 10031123162

Endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Betulaceae in Japan.

Osono Takashi,Masuya Hayato
Canadian journal of microbiology 58(4), 507-515, 2012-04
… Diversity and species composition of endophytic fungi on leaves of 11 tree species in Betulaceae were studied, with reference to climatic, tree species, and seasonal variations. … The similarities of OTU composition in endophytic fungal assemblages on leaves of Betulaceae were generally low among the forests of different climatic regions. …
NAID 80022608230

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Betula」「birch」「カバノキ科」

「Betula」

Betulaceae; Temporal range: 70–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Black alder (Alnus glutinosa)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Betulaceae; Gray
Type genus
	Betula; L.
Subfamilies and Genera
	See text.
	The range of the Betulaceae

　　[★]

カバノキ属、ベツラ属、Betula属

関: Betulaceae、birch

「birch」

　　[★]

カバノキ

関: Betula、Betulaceae

「カバノキ科」

　　[★]

ラ: Betulaceae
関: カバノキ、カバノキ属

[apgiii-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-2] Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.

[soltis2011-3] Soltis DE, Smith SA, Cellinese N, Wurdack KJ, Tank DC, Brockington SF, Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Walker JB, Moore MJ, Carlsward BS, Bell CD, Latvis M, Crawley S, Black C, Diouf D, Xi Z, Rushworth CA, Gitzendanner MA, Sytsma KJ, Qiu YL, Hilu KW, Davis CC, Sanderson MJ, Beaman RS, Olmstead RG, Judd WS, Donoghue MJ, Soltis PS. (2011). "Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". Am J Bot. 98 (4): 704–730. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404.

[4] Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D. (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16: 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.

[5] Chen Z-D, Manchester SR, Sun H-Y. (1999). "Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany". Am J Bot. 86: 1168–1181.

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Betulaceae