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Balantidium coli is a parasitic species of ciliate protozoan that causes the disease Balantidiasis.^[1]^[2] It is the only member of the ciliate phylum known to be pathogenic to humans.^[1]^[2]

Morphology

Balantidium coli as seen in a wet mount of a stool specimen. The organism is surrounded by cilia.

Balantidium coli has two developmental stages, a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage. In trophozoites, the two nuclei are visible. The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped, and the spherical micronucleus is nested next to it, often hidden by the macronucleus. The opening, known as the peristome, at the pointed anterior end leads to the cytostome, or the mouth. Cysts are smaller than trophozoites and are round and have a tough, heavy cyst wall made of one or two layers. Usually only the macronucleus and sometimes cilia and contractile vacuoles are visible in the cyst. Living trophozoites and cysts are yellowish or greenish in color.^[3]

Transmission

Balantidium is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. Balantidiasis is a zoonotic disease and is acquired by humans via the feco-oral route from the normal host, the pig, where it is asymptomatic. Contaminated water is the most common mechanism of transmission.^[4]

Role in disease

Balantidium coli lives in the cecum and colon of humans, pigs, rats and other mammals. It is not readily transmissible from one species of host to another because it requires a period of time to adjust to the symbiotic flora of the new host. Once it has adapted to a host species, the protozoan can become a serious pathogen, especially in humans. Trophozoites multiply and encyst due to the dehydration of feces.^[5]

Infection occurs when the cysts are ingested, usually through contaminated food or water. Balantidium infection in immunocompetent individuals is not unheard of, but it rarely causes a serious disease of the gastrointestinal tract. It can thrive in the gastrointestinal tract as long as there is a balance between the protozoan and the host without causing dysenteric symptoms. Infection most likely occurs in people with malnutrition due to the low stomach acidity or people with immune compromised systems.^[4]

In acute disease, explosive diarrhea may occur as often as every twenty minutes. Perforation of the colon may also occur in acute infections which can lead to life-threatening situations.^[4]

Life cycle

Balantidium coli life cycle

Infection occurs when a host ingests a cyst, which usually happens during the consumption of contaminated water or food.^[1]^[5] Once the cyst is ingested, it passes through the host’s digestive system.^[3] While the cyst receives some protection from degradation by the acidic environment of the stomach through the use of its outer wall, it is likely to be destroyed at a pH lower than 5, allowing it to survive easier in the stomachs of malnourished individuals who have less stomach acid.^[3]^[5] Once the cyst reaches the small intestine, trophozoites are produced.^[1]^[3] The trophozoites then colonize the large intestine, where they live in the lumen and feed on the intestinal flora.^[1]^[3] Some trophozoites invade the wall of the colon using proteolytic enzymes and multiply, and some of them return to the lumen.^[1]^[3]^[5] In the lumen trophozoites may disintegrate or undergo encystation.^[1]^[3] Encystation is triggered by dehydration of the intestinal contents and usually occurs in the distal large intestine, but may also occur outside of the host in feces.^[1]^[3] Now in its mature cyst form, cysts are released into the environment where they can go on to infect a new host.^[1]^[3]

Epidemiology

Balantidiasis in humans is common in the Philippines, but it can be found anywhere in the world, especially among those that are in close contact with swine. The disease is considered to be rare and occurs in less than 1% of the human population.^[5] The disease poses a problem mostly in developing countries, where water sources may be contaminated with swine or human feces.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ DPDx Balantidiasis
^ ^a ^b Ramachandran, Ambili (23 May 2003). "Introduction". The Parasite: Balantidium coli The Disease: Balantidiasis. ParaSite (Stanford University).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ramachandran 2003, Morphology
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schister, Frederick L. and Lynn Ramirez-Avila (October 2008). "Current World Status of Balantidium coli". Clinical Microbiology Review 21 (4): 626–638. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-08. PMC 2570149. PMID 18854484.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr., John (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 176–7. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9.

External links

"Balantidiasis". DPDx — Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013.
"Balantidium coli". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 71585.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 大腸バランチジウム感染 balantidium coli infection
2. 便顕微鏡検査に対するアプローチ approach to stool microscopy
3. 抗原虫治療 antiprotozoal therapies
4. メトロニダゾール：概要 metronidazole an overview

English Journal

Balantidium ascites: an incidental smile in a cytospin during workup for malignancy.

Majumdar K1, Sakhuja P, Jain D, Singh M, Agarwal A.
Cytopathology : official journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology.Cytopathology.2014 Apr;25(2):138-40. doi: 10.1111/cyt.12054. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
PMID 23490172

A cross-sectional study on intestinal parasitic infections in rural communities, northeast Thailand.

Boonjaraspinyo S1, Boonmars T2, Kaewsamut B3, Ekobol N4, Laummaunwai P5, Aukkanimart R6, Wonkchalee N6, Juasook A7, Sriraj P6.Author information 1Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002; Thailand.2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002; Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Northeast Animal Laboratory Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.3Northeast Animal Laboratory Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.4Namphong Hospital, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.5Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002; Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.6Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002; Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.7Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002; Thailand. ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahasarakram University, Mahasarakram, Thailand.AbstractDespite the existence of effective anthelmintics, parasitic infections remain a major public health problem in Southeast Asia, including Thailand. In rural communities, continuing infection is often reinforced by dietary habits that have a strong cultural basis and by poor personal hygiene and sanitation. This study presents a survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the people in rural Thailand. The community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in villages in Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand, from March to August 2013. A total of 253 stool samples from 102 males and 140 females, aged 2-80 years, were prepared using formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods and examined using light microscopy. Ninety-four individuals (37.2%) were infected with 1 or more parasite species. Presence of parasitic infection was significantly correlated with gender (P=0.001); nearly half of males in this survey (49.0%) were infected. Older people had a higher prevalence than younger members of the population. The most common parasite found was Opisthorchis viverrini (26.9%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (9.5%), Taenia spp. (1.6%), echinostomes (0.4%), and hookworms (0.4%). The prevalence of intestinal protozoa was Blastocystis hominis 1.6%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.8%, Entamoeba coli 0.8%, Balantidium coli 0.4%, Iodamoeba bütschlii 0.4%, and Sarcocystis hominis 0.4%. Co-infections of various helminths and protozoa were present in 15.9% of the people. The present results show that the prevalence of parasitic infections in this region is still high. Proactive education about dietary habits, personal hygiene, and sanitation should be provided to the people in this community to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections. Moreover, development of policies and programs to control parasites is needed.
The Korean journal of parasitology.Korean J Parasitol.2013 Dec;51(6):727-34. doi: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.727. Epub 2013 Dec 31.
Despite the existence of effective anthelmintics, parasitic infections remain a major public health problem in Southeast Asia, including Thailand. In rural communities, continuing infection is often reinforced by dietary habits that have a strong cultural basis and by poor personal hygiene and sanit
PMID 24516280

Gastrointestinal parasitic burdens in UK tortoises: a survey of tortoise owners and potential risk factors.

Hedley J1, Eatwell K, Shaw DJ.Author information 1Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.AbstractDespite gastrointestinal parasites being commonly diagnosed in captive tortoises throughout the UK, there is a lack of data regarding the prevalence. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in tortoises in the UK, and to investigate the factors affecting the prevalence of these parasites. Owners were invited to submit a faecal sample from their tortoise in conjunction with a completed questionnaire covering details of signalment and husbandry. Data from the questionnaires were analysed at the end of the study. Faecal analysis was performed on samples from Testudo hermanni, Testudo graeca and Testudo horsfieldii. This involved examination of direct wet preparations, a modified McMaster technique, passive NaCl flotation and Cryptosporidium staining. Of the 142 samples used, 130 were examined by the first three methods. 49 per cent were positive for one or more parasites. Of the positive samples, 67 per cent were positive for oxyurids, 28 per cent were positive for ascarids and 28 per cent were positive for protozoa (Balantidium, Nyctotherus or flagellates). Only 1/113 (0.8 per cent) samples was positive for Cryptosporidium. The most important risk factors for parasites were sex (F) and length of time (<5 years) in owner's possession. This survey showed that gastrointestinal parasites are frequently detected in the faecal samples of captive tortoises in the UK, but their prevalence may be influenced by various factors including sex, length of time owned, age and species.
The Veterinary record.Vet Rec.2013 Nov 30;173(21):525. doi: 10.1136/vr.101794. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Despite gastrointestinal parasites being commonly diagnosed in captive tortoises throughout the UK, there is a lack of data regarding the prevalence. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in tortoises in the UK, and to investigate the factors affecti
PMID 24158320

Japanese Journal

Epidemiological Studies on Intestinal Protozoa in Pigs in Saitama, Japan

Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 48(1), 87-93, 2014
NAID 130003396729

動物園で飼育されるニシローランドゴリラ(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)の尿中8-OHdG量を指標とした健康評価に関する予備研究 : 特に原虫感染個体との比較(生理学)

Japanese journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 14(1), 77-80, 2009-03
NAID 110007225779

豚の結腸炎発症に及ぼすBalantidium coli感染の影響

獣医畜産新報 52(4), 287-291, 1999-04
NAID 40001681061

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「バランチジウム」「バランチジウム属」
拡張検索	「Balantidium属」「Balantidium coli」

「バランチジウム」

Balantidium coli
	Balantidium coli trophozoite
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Superphylum:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Class:	Litostomatea
Order:	Vestibuliferida
Family:	Balantiididae
Genus:	Balantidium
Species:	B. coli
Binomial name
	Balantidium coli; (Malmsten, 1857)

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ラ: Balantidium
関: バランチジウム属、Balantidium属

「バランチジウム属」

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ラ: Balantidium
関: Balantidium属、バランチジウム

「Balantidium属」

　　[★]

ラ: Balantidium
関: バランチジウム属、バランチジウム

「Balantidium coli」

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大腸バランチジウム

[CDC-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ DPDx Balantidiasis

[Ramachandran_Intro-2] Ramachandran, Ambili (23 May 2003). "Introduction". The Parasite: Balantidium coli The Disease: Balantidiasis. ParaSite (Stanford University).

[Ramachandran_Life-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ramachandran 2003, Morphology

[current-4] Schister, Frederick L. and Lynn Ramirez-Avila (October 2008). "Current World Status of Balantidium coli". Clinical Microbiology Review 21 (4): 626–638. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-08. PMC 2570149. PMID 18854484.

[FoundParasit-5] Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr., John (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 176–7. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9.

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案内

Balantidium