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a pass between mountain peaks (同)gap

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(山脈の)鞍部(あんぶ),山あい

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/25 15:47:42」(JST)

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Balantidium coli is a parasitic species of ciliate protozoan that causes the disease Balantidiasis.^[1]^[2] It is the only member of the ciliate phylum known to be pathogenic to humans.^[1]^[2]

Morphology

Balantidium coli as seen in a wet mount of a stool specimen. The organism is surrounded by cilia.

Balantidium coli has two developmental stages, a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage. In trophozoites, the two nuclei are visible. The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped, and the spherical micronucleus is nested next to it, often hidden by the macronucleus. The opening, known as the peristome, at the pointed anterior end leads to the cytostome, or the mouth. Cysts are smaller than trophozoites and are round and have a tough, heavy cyst wall made of one or two layers. Usually only the macronucleus and sometimes cilia and contractile vacuoles are visible in the cyst. Living trophozoites and cysts are yellowish or greenish in color.^[3]

Transmission

Balantidium is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. Balantidiasis is a zoonotic disease and is acquired by humans via the feco-oral route from the normal host, the pig, where it is asymptomatic. Contaminated water is the most common mechanism of transmission.^[4]

Role in disease

Balantidium coli lives in the cecum and colon of humans, pigs, rats and other mammals. It is not readily transmissible from one species of host to another because it requires a period of time to adjust to the symbiotic flora of the new host. Once it has adapted to a host species, the protozoan can become a serious pathogen, especially in humans. Trophozoites multiply and encyst due to the dehydration of feces.^[5]

Infection occurs when the cysts are ingested, usually through contaminated food or water. Balantidium infection in immunocompetent individuals is not unheard of, but it rarely causes a serious disease of the gastrointestinal tract. It can thrive in the gastrointestinal tract as long as there is a balance between the protozoan and the host without causing dysenteric symptoms. Infection most likely occurs in people with malnutrition due to the low stomach acidity or people with immune compromised systems.^[4]

In acute disease, explosive diarrhea may occur as often as every twenty minutes. Perforation of the colon may also occur in acute infections which can lead to life-threatening situations.^[4]

Life cycle

Balantidium coli life cycle

Infection occurs when a host ingests a cyst, which usually happens during the consumption of contaminated water or food.^[1]^[5] Once the cyst is ingested, it passes through the host’s digestive system.^[3] While the cyst receives some protection from degradation by the acidic environment of the stomach through the use of its outer wall, it is likely to be destroyed at a pH lower than 5, allowing it to survive easier in the stomachs of malnourished individuals who have less stomach acid.^[3]^[5] Once the cyst reaches the small intestine, trophozoites are produced.^[1]^[3] The trophozoites then colonize the large intestine, where they live in the lumen and feed on the intestinal flora.^[1]^[3] Some trophozoites invade the wall of the colon using proteolytic enzymes and multiply, and some of them return to the lumen.^[1]^[3]^[5] In the lumen trophozoites may disintegrate or undergo encystation.^[1]^[3] Encystation is triggered by dehydration of the intestinal contents and usually occurs in the distal large intestine, but may also occur outside of the host in feces.^[1]^[3] Now in its mature cyst form, cysts are released into the environment where they can go on to infect a new host.^[1]^[3]

Epidemiology

Balantidiasis in humans is common in the Philippines, but it can be found anywhere in the world, especially among those that are in close contact with swine. The disease is considered to be rare and occurs in less than 1% of the human population.^[5] The disease poses a problem mostly in developing countries, where water sources may be contaminated with swine or human feces.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ DPDx Balantidiasis
^ ^a ^b Ramachandran, Ambili (23 May 2003). "Introduction". The Parasite: Balantidium coli The Disease: Balantidiasis. ParaSite (Stanford University).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ramachandran 2003, Morphology
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schister, Frederick L. and Lynn Ramirez-Avila (October 2008). "Current World Status of Balantidium coli". Clinical Microbiology Review 21 (4): 626–638. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-08. PMC 2570149. PMID 18854484.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr., John (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 176–7. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9.

External links

"Balantidiasis". DPDx — Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013.
"Balantidium coli". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 71585.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 大腸バランチジウム感染 balantidium coli infection
2. 抗原虫治療 antiprotozoal therapies
3. 便顕微鏡検査に対するアプローチ approach to stool microscopy
4. メトロニダゾール：概要 metronidazole an overview

English Journal

Isolation and maintenance of Balantidium coli (Malmsteim, 1857) cultured from fecal samples of pigs and non-human primates.

Barbosa AD1, Pereira Bastos OM2, Uchôa CM3, Pissinatti A4, Filho PR5, Dib LV6, Azevedo EP7, de Siqueira MP8, Cardozo ML9, Amendoeira MR10.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2015 Apr 17. pii: S0304-4017(15)00173-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.030. [Epub ahead of print]
Balantidium coli is a protozoa that can determine dysentery in humans, pigs and non-human primates having zoonotic potential. The lack of standardization in isolation and maintenance hinders the development of research on its biology and epidemiology. This study is aimed to standardize the isolation
PMID 25920329

Balantidium coli and other gastrointestinal parasites in captives non-human primates of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

da Silva Barbosa A1, Pissinatti A, Dib LV, de Siqueira MP, Cardozo ML, Fonseca AB, de Barros Oliveira A, da Silva FA, Uchôa CM, Bastos OM, Amendoeira MR.
Journal of medical primatology.J Med Primatol.2015 Feb;44(1):18-26. doi: 10.1111/jmp.12140. Epub 2014 Sep 15.
BACKGROUND: Parasites are agents of diarrhea in captive non-human primates (NHP). To broaden information about those etiological agents in captive animals in Brazil, gastrointestinal parasites in captive NHP were researched in nurturing Centers of Rio de Janeiro State.METHODS: Fecal samples were col
PMID 25220735

Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in seven non-human primates of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire.

Kouassi RY1, McGraw SW2, Yao PK3, Abou-Bacar A4, Brunet J5, Pesson B6, Bonfoh B7, N'goran EK3, Candolfi E4.
Parasite (Paris, France).Parasite.2015;22:1. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2015001. Epub 2015 Jan 27.
Parasites and infectious diseases are well-known threats to primate populations. The main objective of this study was to provide baseline data on fecal parasites in the cercopithecid monkeys inhabiting Côte d'Ivoire's Taï National Park. Seven of eight cercopithecid species present in the park were
PMID 25619957

Japanese Journal

動物園で飼育されるニシローランドゴリラ(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)の尿中8-OHdG量を指標とした健康評価に関する予備研究 : 特に原虫感染個体との比較(生理学)

水尾愛,大島由子,今西亮,北田祐二,笠原道子,橋崎文隆,和田晴太郎,松永雅之,高井進,大沼学,翁長武紀,萩原克郎,真田良典,浅川満彦
Japanese journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 14(1), 77-80, 2009-03
生体内の酸化ストレスを評価する一般的な生体指標である尿中8-hydroxyguanosine(以下,8-OHdG)量を国内飼育下の9頭のニシローランドゴリラにおいて定量した。検査対象個体に原虫感染が認められたが,臨床症状は観察されなかった。全個体の8-OHdG値(ng/mg creafinine)の範囲は4.3〜193.1,各個体の中央値の幅は6.8〜52.4であった。原虫陽性と陰性個体との8-O …
NAID 110007225779

豚の結腸炎発症に及ぼすBalantidium coli感染の影響

星野稔,笹川元,登坂友一
獣医畜産新報 52(4), 287-291, 1999-04
NAID 40001681061

健康な各種動物における大腸バランチジウムの寄生状況(短報)

中内潔
The journal of veterinary medical science 61(1), 63-65, 1999-01-25
4目17科56種, 計375頭の動物の糞便について大腸バランチジウムの寄生状況を調査した. その結果, 2目4科6種の動物, 計12頭(3.2%)から大腸バランチジウムが検出された. シロテテナガザル(Hylobates lar), リスザル(Saimiri sciurea)および二ホンザル(Macaca fuscata)はこれまで報告されていない宿主であった. 今回の調査では, すべてのイノシシ …
NAID 110003920037

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「大腸バランチジウム」
関連記事	「Balantidium」「coli」

「大腸バランチジウム」

Balantidium coli
	Balantidium coli trophozoite
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Superphylum:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Class:	Litostomatea
Order:	Vestibuliferida
Family:	Balantiididae
Genus:	Balantidium
Species:	B. coli
Binomial name
	Balantidium coli; (Malmsten, 1857)

　　[★]

英: Balantidium coli
関: 繊毛虫類

「Balantidium」

　　[★]

バランチジウム、ランチジウム属、Balantidium属

「coli」

　　[★] Escherichia coli、Campylobacter coli

[CDC-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ DPDx Balantidiasis

[Ramachandran_Intro-2] Ramachandran, Ambili (23 May 2003). "Introduction". The Parasite: Balantidium coli The Disease: Balantidiasis. ParaSite (Stanford University).

[Ramachandran_Life-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ramachandran 2003, Morphology

[current-4] Schister, Frederick L. and Lynn Ramirez-Avila (October 2008). "Current World Status of Balantidium coli". Clinical Microbiology Review 21 (4): 626–638. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-08. PMC 2570149. PMID 18854484.

[FoundParasit-5] Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr., John (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 176–7. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9.

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Balantidium coli