関: Areca

WordNet

East Indian spiny tree having twice-pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by flat pods; source of black catechu (同)Jerusalem_thorn, Acacia catechu
any of several tall tropical palms native to southeastern Asia having egg-shaped nuts

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/23 01:16:29」(JST)

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Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. The palm is believed to have originated in the Philippines,^[1] but is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and also in the West Indies.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The species has many common names^[1] including the areca palm, areca nut palm, betel palm, Indian nut, Pinang palm, Telugu: పోక , Tagalog: bunga, Indonesia/Malay: pinang, Malayalam: അടക്ക adakka, Kannada: ಅಡಿಕೆ Adike, (in Tamil "kamuhu", in Sinhala "Puwak" ). This palm is called the betel tree because its fruit, the areca nut, is often chewed along with the betel leaf, a leaf from a vine of the Piperaceae family.

Areca is derived from a local name from the Malabar Coast of India and catechu is from another Malay name for this palm, caccu.

Growth

Areca catechu is a medium-sized and palm tree, growing straight to 20 m tall, with a trunk 10–15 cm in diameter. The leaves are 1.5–2 m long, pinnate, with numerous, crowded leaflets. It is also known as puga in Sanskrit,"puwak" in sinhala and supari in Marathi and Gujarati.

Characteristics

19th century drawing of Areca catechu

Areca catechu is grown for its commercially important seed crop, the areca nut.

Tanjung Pinang, Pangkal Pinang cities in Indonesia, Indonesian province of Jambi (jambi or jambe is areca in Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Old Malay), Penang Island, off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Fua Mulaku in the Maldives, Guwahati in Assam, and coastal areas of Kerala and Karnataka in India, are some of the places named after a local name for areca nut. Actually, there are numerous city and areal names in Indonesia and Malaysia using the words pinang or jambe. This to shows how important areca nut is in the Austronesian civilization, especially in the modern day Indonesia or Malaysia.

Chemical composition

The seed contains alkaloids such as arecaidine and arecoline, which, when chewed, are intoxicating and slightly addictive. Areca palms are grown in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan and many other Asian countries for their seeds.

The seed also contains condensed tannins (procyanidins) called arecatannins^[5] which are carcinogenic.

Uses

The areca palm is also used as an interior landscaping species. It is often used in large indoor areas such as malls and hotels. It will not fruit or reach full size. Indoors, it is a slow growing, low water, high light plant that is sensitive to spider mites and occasionally mealybugs. The areca nut is also popular for chewing throughout some Asian countries, such as China (mainly Hunan), Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Myanmar, and India and the Pacific, notably Papua New Guinea, where it is very popular. Chewing areca nut is quite popular among working classes in Taiwan. The nut itself can be addictive and has direct link to oral cancers.^[6]^[7]^[8] Areca nuts in Taiwan will usually contain artificial additives such as limestone powder.

The extract of Areca catechu has been shown to have antidepressant properties in rodents,^[9] but it may be addictive.^[10]

Gallery

An Areca catechu plantation in Taiwan
Areca palm at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Areca palm at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Areca palm fruit at Kerala, India
Areca nuts from India
Flora de Filipinas
Areca catechu farm in Kerala, India
Young "betel" nuts in Malaysia
Areca nut at Penang's flag

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Areca catechu information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Jones, D. (2001), Palms Throughout The World, Reed New Holland, Australia.
^ Heatubun, C.D., Dransfield, J., Flynn, T., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S., Mogea, J.P. & Baker, W.J. (2012). A monograph of the betel nut palms (Areca: Arecaceae) of East Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 147-173.
^ Kusumoto, Ines Tomoco; Nakabayashi, Takeshi; Kida, Hiroaki; Miyashiro, Hirotsugu; Hattori, Masao; Namba, Tsuneo; Shimotohno, Kunitada (1995). "Screening of various plant extracts used in ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease". Phytotherapy Research 9 (3): 180–184. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090305.
^ Thomas and MacLennan (1992). "Slaked lime and betel nut cancer in Papua New Guinea". The Lancet Oncology 340 (8819): 577–578. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92109-S. PMID 1355157.
^ Hemantha Amarasinghe (2010). "Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: A case-control study". Oral Oncology 46 (4): 297–301. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.017. PMID 20189448.
^ The World Health Organization IARC Expert Group. "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 37, Tobacco Habits Other than Smoking; Betel-Quid and Areca-nut Chewing; and Some Related Nitrosamines, Lyon" (PDF). IARCPress.
^ Dar, Ahsana; Khatoon, Shagufta (1997). "Antidepressant Effects of Ethanol Extract of Areca catechu in Rodents". Phytotherapy Research 11 (2): 174–176. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199703)11:2<174::AID-PTR65>3.0.CO;2-B.
^ Marcello Spinella (2001). The psychopharmacology of herbal medicine: plant drugs that alter mind, brain, and behavior. MIT Press. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-0-262-69265-6. Retrieved 14 October 2011.

External links

Plant Cultures: Betelnut botany and history
Areca catechu List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
Names in different Languages

UpToDate Contents

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1. ハーブ剤および栄養補助食品による肝毒性 hepatotoxicity due to herbal medications and dietary supplements
2. 食道癌の疫学、病理生物学、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathobiology and clinical manifestations of esophageal cancer

English Journal

The Betel Quid Dependence Scale: Replication and extension in a Guamanian sample.

Herzog TA1, Murphy KL2, Little MA3, Suguitan GS4, Pokhrel P3, Kawamoto CT3.Author information 1University of Hawaii Cancer Center, United States. Electronic address: therzog@cc.hawaii.edu.2University of Hawaii Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, United States.3University of Hawaii Cancer Center, United States.4University of Guam Cancer Research Center, United States.AbstractBACKGROUND: Betel quid is the fourth most commonly consumed psychoactive substance in the world. The Betel Quid Dependence Scale (BQDS) is the first instrument designed specifically to measure betel quid dependence. The three factor structure of the BQDS consists of "physical and psychological urgent need," "increasing dose," and "maladaptive use." The BQDS initially was validated in a sample of male prisoner ex-chewers in Taiwan.
Drug and alcohol dependence.Drug Alcohol Depend.2014 May 1;138:154-60. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.022. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
BACKGROUND: Betel quid is the fourth most commonly consumed psychoactive substance in the world. The Betel Quid Dependence Scale (BQDS) is the first instrument designed specifically to measure betel quid dependence. The three factor structure of the BQDS consists of "physical and psychological urgen
PMID 24629627

Arecoline inhibits epithelial cell viability by upregulating the apoptosis pathway: Implication for oral submucous fibrosis.

Li M1, Gao F2, Zhou ZS3, Zhang HM3, Zhang R3, Wu YF1, Bai MH3, Li JJ1, Lin SR4, Peng JY1.Author information 1Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.2Powder Metallurgy Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.3Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.4Taiwan Taipei Dental Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.AbstractOral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of excess collagen, and areca nut chewing has been proposed as a significant etiological factor for disease manifestation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding areca nut chewing-induced OSF are only partially understood. Herein, we reported that arecoline markedly induced morphologic change in HaCaT epithelial cells, but had no obvious effect on Hel fibroblast cells. MTS assay revealed that arecoline significantly suppressed HaCaT cell viability. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis indicated that arecoline substantially promoted HaCaT cell, but not Hel cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, arecoline-induced HaCaT cell apoptosis was found to be associated with increased expression and activation of cleaved-Bid, cleaved-PARA and cleaved-caspase-3. Collectively, our results suggest that HaCaT epithelial cells are more sensitive than Hel fibroblast cells to arecoline-induced cytotoxicity, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSF.
Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2014 May;31(5):2422-8. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3091. Epub 2014 Mar 14.
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of excess collagen, and areca nut chewing has been proposed as a significant etiological factor for disease manifestation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding areca nut chewing-induce
PMID 24647969

Increased expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Yang JS, Chen MK, Yang SF, Chang YC, Su SC, Chiou HL, Chien MH, Lin CW.AbstractAbstract Background: Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is upregulated in many types of human cancers. We attempted to evaluate plasma levels of CAIX in patients with oral cancer and investigated whether plasma CAIX is correlated with the progression of this disease. Method: In total, 191 patients with oral cancer, 30 patients with oral submucous fibrosis and 100 controls were recruited in this study. The plasma samples were collected and the levels of soluble CAIX in plasma were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the normal buccal mucosa fibroblast was challenged by arecoline, the major areca nut alkaloid, to assess the relationship between the levels of CAIX and areca nut chewing in oral cancer patients. Results: Results showed that patients with oral cancer exhibited significantly higher levels of soluble CAIX compared to controls (p<0.001). Plasma levels of CAIX in oral cancer patients were associated with clinical stages after adjusting for age and areca nut chewing (p<0.05). In addition, patients with areca nuts chewing had higher CAIX levels than those who have not chewed areca nuts. Total carbonic anhydrase activity and CAIX mRNA levels were significantly higher in oral submucous fibrosis fibroblasts than in normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts. Moreover, arecoline elevated CAIX expression in a dose-dependent manner in normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts. Conclusions: Our results suggest that determining plasma levels of CAIX may be used as a non-invasive method for monitoring oral cancer progression and the involvement of areca quid chewing in oral carcinogenesis may be related to a higher expression of CAIX.
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC.Clin Chem Lab Med.2014 Apr 2. pii: /j/cclm.ahead-of-print/cclm-2014-0129/cclm-2014-0129.xml. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0129. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Background: Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is upregulated in many types of human cancers. We attempted to evaluate plasma levels of CAIX in patients with oral cancer and investigated whether plasma CAIX is correlated with the progression of this disea
PMID 24695043

Japanese Journal

徳島に漂着したオニガシ Lithocarpus lepidocarpus (Hayata)Hayataの果実についての記録

濱直大,茨木靖,許再文
徳島県立博物館研究報告 (23), 119-121, 2013-03
NAID 40019728951

Effects of the brown anole invasion and betelnut palm planting on arthropod diversity in Southern Taiwan

Huang Shao-Chang,Norval Gerrut,Wei Chia-Shian [他]
Zoological science 25(11), 1121-1129, 2008-11
NAID 40016434646

Inhibitory effect of Tibetan medicinal plants on viral polymerases

Kimura Takako,JYO Michiko,NAKAMURA Norio,KOMATSU Katsuko,HATTORI Masao,SHIMOTOHNO Kumiko,SHIMOTOHNO Kunitada,垣内信子,,,
和漢医薬学雑誌 20(6), 243-250, 2003-12-20
民族薬物からの新たな抗ウイルス薬の開発を目指して,我々はチベット伝統薬物76種のHIVの逆転写酵素(RTase)およびHCVのRNA依存RNAポリメラーゼ(RbRp)に対する阻害効果を検討した。これら76種のメタノールエキスのうち28検体が100μg/mlの濃度でRTaseに70%以上の阻害効果を示したが、タンニンの効果を排除するためBSA添加後ら効果があったものはこのうち3検体のみであった。一方 …
NAID 110001846611

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ビンロウジュ」
関連記事	「Areca」

「ビンロウジュ」

betel palm
	Fruiting specimen
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Genus:	Areca
Species:	A. catechu
Binomial name
	Areca catechu; L.
Synonyms
	Areca faufel Gaertn.; Areca hortensis Lour.; Areca cathechu Burm.f.; Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart.; Areca himalayana Griff. ex H.Wendl.; Areca nigra Giseke ex H.Wendl.; Areca macrocarpa Becc.;

　　[★]

ラ: Areca catechu
関: ビンロウジュ属

「Areca」

　　[★] ビンロウジ、ビンロウジュ属、アレカ属、Areca属

関: Areca catechu

[GRIN-1] "Areca catechu information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-02.

[svetlana-2] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[3] Jones, D. (2001), Palms Throughout The World, Reed New Holland, Australia.

[4] Heatubun, C.D., Dransfield, J., Flynn, T., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S., Mogea, J.P. & Baker, W.J. (2012). A monograph of the betel nut palms (Areca: Arecaceae) of East Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 147-173.

[5] Kusumoto, Ines Tomoco; Nakabayashi, Takeshi; Kida, Hiroaki; Miyashiro, Hirotsugu; Hattori, Masao; Namba, Tsuneo; Shimotohno, Kunitada (1995). "Screening of various plant extracts used in ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease". Phytotherapy Research 9 (3): 180–184. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090305.

[6] Thomas and MacLennan (1992). "Slaked lime and betel nut cancer in Papua New Guinea". The Lancet Oncology 340 (8819): 577–578. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92109-S. PMID 1355157.

[7] Hemantha Amarasinghe (2010). "Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: A case-control study". Oral Oncology 46 (4): 297–301. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.017. PMID 20189448.

[name-8] The World Health Organization IARC Expert Group. "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 37, Tobacco Habits Other than Smoking; Betel-Quid and Areca-nut Chewing; and Some Related Nitrosamines, Lyon" (PDF). IARCPress.

[9] Dar, Ahsana; Khatoon, Shagufta (1997). "Antidepressant Effects of Ethanol Extract of Areca catechu in Rodents". Phytotherapy Research 11 (2): 174–176. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199703)11:2<174::AID-PTR65>3.0.CO;2-B.

[10] Marcello Spinella (2001). The psychopharmacology of herbal medicine: plant drugs that alter mind, brain, and behavior. MIT Press. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-0-262-69265-6. Retrieved 14 October 2011.

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Areca catechu