This article is about the genus. For the model organism, see Arabidopsis thaliana.
| Arabidopsis |
|
| Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Rosids |
| Order: |
Brassicales |
| Family: |
Brassicaceae |
| Genus: |
Arabidopsis
Heynh. in Holl & Heynh. |
| Species |
|
See text.
|
Arabidopsis (rockcress) is a genus in the family Brassicaceae. They are small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard. This genus is of great interest since it contains thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), one of the model organisms used for studying plant biology and the first plant to have its entire genome sequenced. Changes in thale cress are easily observed, making it a very useful model.
Contents
- 1 Status
- 2 A. thaliana in partial in vitro conditions
- 3 List of species and subspecies
- 4 Cytogenetics
- 5 Reclassified species
- 6 Sources
- 7 References
Status
Currently, the genus Arabidopsis has nine species and a further eight subspecies recognised. This delimitation is quite recent and is based on morphological and molecular phylogenies by O'Kane and Al-Shehbaz (1997, 2003) and others.
Their findings confirm the species formerly included in Arabidopsis made it polyphyletic. The most recent reclassification moves two species previously placed in Cardaminopsis and Hylandra and three species of Arabis into Arabidopsis, but excludes 50 that have been moved into the new genera Beringia, Crucihimalaya, Ianhedgea, Olimarabidopsis, and Pseudoarabidopsis.
All of the species in Arabidopsis are indigenous to Europe, while two of the species have broad ranges also extending into North America and Asia.
In the last two decades, Arabidopsis thaliana has gained much interest from the scientific community as a model organism for research on numerous aspects of plant biology. The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) is a curated online information source for Arabidopsis thaliana genetic and molecular biology research, and The Arabidopsis Book is an online compilation of invited chapters on Arabidopsis thaliana biology. In Europe, the model organism resource centre for Arabidopsis thaliana germplasm, bioinformatics and molecular biology resources (including GeneChips) is the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre – NASC whilst in North America germplasm services are provided by the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center, (ABRC) based at the Ohio State University. The ordering system for ABRC was incorporated into The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) database in June 2001 whilst NASC has always (since 1991) hosted its own ordering system and genome browser.
Starting with a Kickstarter in 2013, Arabidopsis has had genes for luciferin and luciferase inserted to create a strain of "Glowing Plant" Arabidopsis set to be commercially distributed approximately in 2016.[1]
In 1982, the crew of the Soviet Salyut 7 space station grew some Arabidopsis, thus becoming the first plants to flower and produce seeds in space. They had a life span of 40 days.[2]
A. thaliana in partial in vitro conditions
Recently, A. thaliana tissues have been cultivated in microfluidic devices. Plant-on-chip devices show promise for future research in understanding the mechanism of sexual reproduction in A. thaliana.[3]
List of species and subspecies
- Arabidopsis arenicola (Richardson ex Hook.) Al-Shehbaz, Elven, D.F. Murray & S.I. Warwick
-
- Distribution: Greenland, Labrador, Nunavut, Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
- Arabidopsis arenosa (L.) Lawalrée,
- A. arenosa subsp. arenosa
- Distribution: Europe: native in Austria, Belarus, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, NE France, Germany, Hungary, N Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia; naturalized in Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Russia and W Siberia, and Sweden; absent in Albania, Greece, C and S Italy, and Turkey.
- A. arenosa subsp. borbasii
- Distribution: E Belgium, Czech Republic, NE France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine. Doubtfully occurring in Denmark.
- Arabidopsis cebennensis (D.C.)
-
- Distribution: SE France.
- Arabidopsis croatica (Schott)
-
- Distribution: Bosnia, Croatia.
- A. halleri subsp. halleri
- Distribution: Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, N and C Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and S Ukraine. Probably introduced in N France and extinct in Belgium.
- A. halleri subsp. ovirensis (Wulfen)
- Distribution: Albania, Austria, NE Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, SW Ukraine, Yugoslavia.
- A. halleri subsp. gemmifera (Matsumura)
- Distribution: Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.
- Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz
- A. lyrata subsp. lyrata
- Distribution: NE European Russia, Alaska, Canada (Ontario west into British Columbia), and southeastern and central United States (Vermont south into northern Georgia and Mississippi northward into Missouri and Minnesota).
- A. lyrata subsp. petraea (Linnaeus) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz
- Distribution: Austria, Czech Republic, England, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, N. Italy, Norway, Russia (NW Russia, Siberia and Far East), Scotland, Sweden, Ukraine, boreal North America (Alaska and Yukon). Apparently extinct in Poland.
- A. lyrata subsp. kamchatica (Fischer ex D.C.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz
- Distribution: boreal Alaska, Canada (Yukon, Mackenzie District, British Columbia, northern Saskatchewan), Aleutian Islands, eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, northern China, Japan, and Taiwan.
- Arabidopsis neglecta (Schultes)
-
- Distribution: Carpathian Mountains (Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and adjacent Ukraine).
- Arabidopsis pedemontana (Boiss.)
-
- Distribution: northwestern Italy and, presumably extinct, in adjacent SW Switzerland.
- Arabidopsis suecica (Fries) Norrlin, Meddel.
-
- Distribution: Fennoscandinavia and the Baltic region.
- Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
-
- Distribution: native range almost all Europe to central Asia, now naturalized worldwide.
Cytogenetics
Cytogenetic analysis has shown the haploid chromosome number (n) is variable and can be 5, 8 and 13.[citation needed][4]
A. thaliana is n=5 and the DNA sequencing of this species was completed in 2001.
A. suecica is n=13 (5+8) and is an amphidiploid species originated through hybridization between A. thaliana and diploid A. arenosa.
A. neglecta is n=8, as are the various subspecies of A. halleri.
Various subspecies of A. lyrata and A. arenosa can be either 2n (diploid) or 4n (tetraploid).
As of 2005, A. cebennensis, A. croatica and A. pedemontana have not been investigated cytologically.
Reclassified species
The following species previously placed in Arabidopsis are not currently considered part of the genus.
- A. bactriana = Dielsiocharis bactriana
- A. brevicaulis = Crucihimalaya himalaica
- A. bursifolia = Beringia bursifolia
- A. campestris = Crucihimalaya wallichii
- A. dentata = Murbeckiella pinnatifida
- A. drassiana =
- A. erysimoides = Erysimum hedgeanum
- A. eseptata = Olimarabidopsis umbrosa
- A. gamosepala = Neotorularia gamosepala
- A. glauca = Thellungiella salsuginea
- A. griffithiana = Olimarabidopsis pumila
- A. himalaica = Crucihimalaya himalaica
- A. huetii = Murbeckiella huetii
- A. kneuckeri = Crucihimalaya kneuckeri
- A. korshinskyi = Olimarabidopsis cabulica
- A. lasiocarpa = Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa
- A. minutiflora = Ianhedgea minutiflora
- A. mollis = Beringia bursifolia
- A. mollissima = Crucihimalaya mollissima
- A. monachorum = Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa
- A. mongolica = Crucihimalaya mongolica
- A. multicaulis = Arabis tibetica
- A. novae-anglicae = Neotorularia humilis
- A. nuda = Drabopsis nuda
- A. ovczinnikovii = Crucihimalaya mollissima
- A. parvula = Thellungiella parvula
- A. pinnatifida = Murbeckiella pinnatifida
- A. pumila = Olimarabidopsis pumila
- A. qiranica = Sisymbriopsis mollipila
- A. richardsonii = Neotorularia humilis
- A. russeliana = Crucihimalaya wallichii
- A. salsugineum = Eutrema salsugineum
- A. sarbalica = Crucihimalaya wallichii
- A. schimperi = Robeschia schimperi
- A. stenocarpa = Beringia bursifolia
- A. stewartiana = Olimarabidopsis pumila
- A. stricta = Crucihimalaya stricta
- A. taraxacifolia = Crucihimalaya wallichii
- A. tenuisiliqua = Arabis tenuisiliqua
- A. tibetica = Crucihimalaya himalaica
- A. tibetica = Arabis tibetica
- A. toxophylla = Pseudoarabidopsis toxophylla
- A. trichocarpa = Neotorularia humilis
- A. trichopoda = Beringia bursifolia
- A. tschuktschorum = Beringia bursifolia
- A. tuemurnica = Neotorularia humilis
- A. verna = Drabopsis nuda
- A. virgata = Beringia bursifolia
- A. wallichii = Crucihimalaya wallichii
- A. yadungensis =
Sources
- O'Kane Jr, S. L., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. (1997). A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae): Novon 7: 323–327.
- Al-Shehbaz, I. A., O'Kane, Steve L. (2002). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). The Arabidopsis Book: 1-22. online version[permanent dead link].
- Martin et al. (2002) Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus. online version
- O'Kane Jr, S. L., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. (2003). Phylogenetic position and generic limits of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90 (4): 603-612
References
- ^ Glowing Plant
- ^ "First species of plant to flower in space". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ AK Yetisen; L Jiang; J R Cooper; Y Qin; R Palanivelu; Y Zohar (May 2011). "A microsystem-based assay for studying pollen tube guidance in plant reproduction.". J. Micromech. Microeng. 25.
- ^ "Cytogenetics | GLOWM". www.glowm.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13.