関: coral

WordNet

a large class of sedentary marine coelenterates that includes sea anemones and corals; the medusoid phase is entirely suppressed (同)class Anthozoa, Actinozoa, class Actinozoa
of a strong pink to yellowish-pink color
the hard stony skeleton of a Mediterranean coral that has a delicate red or pink color and is used for jewelry (同)red_coral, precious coral
a variable color averaging a deep pink
marine colonial polyp characterized by a calcareous skeleton; masses in a variety of shapes often forming reefs
unfertilized lobster roe; reddens in cooking; used as garnish or to color sauces

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉サンゴ / 〈C〉サンゴ細工 / 〈U〉サンゴ色,深紅色 / サンゴ[製]の / サンゴ色の,深紅色の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/20 14:43:04」(JST)

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Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria. Unlike other cnidarians, anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development. Instead, they release sperm and eggs that form a planula, which attaches to some substrate on which the cnidarian grows. Some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through budding. More than 6,100 species have been described.^[1]

The name comes from the Greek words άνθος (ánthos; "flower") and ζώα (zóa; "animals"), hence ανθόζωα (anthozoa) = "flower animals", a reference to the floral appearance of their perennial polyp stage.

Biology and anatomy

Like those of other cnidarians, the individual polyps have a cylindrical body crowned by a ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth. The mouth leads into a tubular pharynx which descends for some distance into the body before opening into the gastrovascular cavity that fills the interior of the body and tentacles. Unlike other cnidarians, however, the cavity is subdivided by a number of radiating partitions, or mesenteries. The gonads are also located within the cavity walls.^[2]

All cnidarian species can feed by catching prey with nematocysts; sea anemones are capable of catching fish and corals of catching plankton. Some of the species also harbour a type of algae, dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae, in a symbiotic relationship; the reef building corals known as hermatypic corals rely on this symbiotic relationship particularly. The zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host or, and the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased calcium carbonate production in hermatypic corals.^[3]

Anemones and certain species of coral live in isolation; however, most corals form colonies of genetically identical polyps. These closely resemble anemones in structure, although they are generally much smaller. Stony coral are found in most seas.

Phylogeny

Hexacorallia

	Actiniaria

	Antipatharia

	Corallimorpharia

	Scleractinia

	Zoantharia

Octocorallia

	Alcyonacea

	Helioporacea

	Pennatulacea

Ceriantharia

	Penicilaria

	Spirularia

Phylogeny of Anthozoa^[4]

Giant green anemone, likely Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Southern California.

Anthozoa is subdivided into three subclasses Octocorallia, Hexacorallia and Ceriantharia which form monophyletic groups and generally show reflections on symmetry of polyp structure respectively.^[4] Historically Ceriantipatharia was thought to be a separate subclass but the two orders it comprised, Antipatharia is now considered part of Hexacorallia and Ceriantharia an independent subclass. The extant orders are shown to the right.^[4]^[5]

Hexacorallia includes coral reef builders the stony corals (Scleractinia), sea anemones (Actiniaria), and zoanthids (Zoantharia). Genetic studies of ribosomal DNA has shown Ceriantharia to be a monophyletic group and the oldest, or basal, order among them.^[6]

Classification according to the World Register of Marine Species :^[7]

subclass Hexacorallia
- order Actiniaria — sea anemones
- order Antipatharia — black coral
- order Ceriantharia — ceriantharians
- order Corallimorpharia — corralimorphs
- order Rugosa †
- order Scleractinia — stony corals
- order Zoantharia — zoanthids
subclass Octocorallia
- order Alcyonacea — soft corals and gorgonians
- order Helioporacea — blue corals
- order Pennatulacea — pennatules

Octocorallia comprises the sea pens (Pennatulacea), soft corals (Alcyonacea), and blue coral (Helioporacea). Sea whips and sea fans, known as gorgonians, are part of Alcyonacea and historically were divided into separate orders.^[5]

Ceriantharia comprises the related tube-dwelling anemones. Tube-dwelling anemones or cerianthids look very similar to sea anemones, but belong to an entirely different subclass of anthozoans. They are solitary, living buried in soft sediments. Tube anemones live and can withdraw into tubes, which are made of a fibrous material, which is made from secreted mucus and threads of nematocyst-like organelles, known as ptychocysts.

Nemanthus annamensis, an Actiniaria
Cirrhipathes sp., an Antipatharia
Cerianthus filiformis, a Ceriantharia
Amplexidiscus fenestrafer, a Corallimorpharia
Acropora cervicornis, a Scleractinia
Zoanthus mantoni, a Zoantharia
Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, an Alcyonacea
Leptogorgia sarmentosa, a Gorgoniidae
Heliopora coerulea, an Helioporacea
Ptilosarcus gurneyi, a Pennatulacea

Paleontology

A number of extinct orders of corals have been classified as their calcium skeleton forms a prolific fossil record. These are generally thought to be close to the ancestors of modern Scleractinians and existed during the Paleozoic era 570–245 million years ago:^[8]^[9]

Numidiaphyllida †
Kilbuchophyllida †
Heterocorallia †
Rugosa †
Heliolitida †
Tabulata †
Cothoniida †
Tabuloconida †

These are all corals and correspond to the fossil record time line shown below; they comprise the majority of the fossils of Anthozoa due to their calcareous skeleton being preserved.


Timeline of the major coral fossil record and developments from 650 m.y.a. to present.^[10]^[11]	edit

References

^ Crowther, A. L. (2011). "Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834" (PDF). In Z.-Q. Zhang. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148. pp. 19–23.
^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 150. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^ Contribution to the BUFUS Newsletter, Field excursion to Milne Bay Province - Papua New Guinea, Madl and Yip 2000
^ ^a ^b ^c Stampar, S.N., Maronna, M.M., Kitahara, M.V., Reimer, J.D., Morandini, A.C. (March 2014). "Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?". PLoS ONE 9 (1): e86612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612. PMC 3903554. PMID 24475157.
^ ^a ^b Daly, M.; Brugler, M.P.; Cartwright, P.; Collins, A.G.; Dawson, M.N.; Fautin, D.G.; France, S.C.; McFadden, C.S.; Opresko, D.M.; Rogriguez, E.; Romano, S.L.; Stake, J.L. (2007). "The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus" (PDF). Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. ISSN 1175-5326.
^ Chen, C. A., D. M. Odorico, M. ten Lohuis, J. E. N. Veron, and D. J. Miller (June 1995). "Systematic relationships within the Anthozoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) using the 5'-end of the 28S rDNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 4 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1006/mpev.1995.1017. PMID 7663762.
^ Hoeksema, Bert (2015). "Anthozoa". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-04-24.
^ Oliver, W. A., Jr. (1996). "Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the Scleractinia". In G. D. J. Stanley (ed.). Paleobiology and Biology of Corals. Columbus, Ohio: The Paleontological Society. pp. 107–134.
^ Ben Kotrc (2005). "Anthozoa: Subgroups". Fossil Groups. University of Bristol. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ Ben M. Waggoner (2000). David Smith and Allen Collins, ed. "Anthozoa: Fossil Record". Anthozoa. UCMP. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ William A. Oliver, Jr. (2003). "Corals: Table 1". Fossil Groups. USGS. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

External links

Data related to Anthozoa at Wikispecies
"Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 海洋のサンゴ、ウニ、魚類またはアカエイによる毒の注入 marine envenomations from corals sea urchins fish or stingrays

English Journal

Growth of the tropical zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) on reefs in northeastern Brazil.

Silva JF1, Gomes PB2, Santana EC2, Silva JM2, Lima ÉP3, Santos AM3, Pérez CD3.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias.An Acad Bras Cienc.2015 Apr 17:0. [Epub ahead of print]
In Brazilian reefs, zoanthids, especially Palythoa caribaeorum are fundamental for structuring the local benthic community. The objective of this study was to determine the growth rate of P. caribaeorum, and to assess the influence of the site (different beaches), season (dry and wet), location (int
PMID 25910172

Unexpected diversity and new species in the sponge-Parazoanthidae association in southern Japan.

Montenegro J1, Sinniger F2, Reimer JD3.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2015 Apr 8;89:73-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Currently the genera Parazoanthus (family Parazoanthidae) and Epizoanthus (family Epizoanthidae) are the only sponge-associated zoantharians (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). The Parazoanthidae-sponge associations are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters from the intertidal to the deep sea in t
PMID 25863336

A RNA-seq approach to identify putative toxins from acrorhagi in aggressive and non-aggressive Anthopleura elegantissima polyps.

Macrander J1, Brugler MR2,3, Daly M4.
BMC genomics.BMC Genomics.2015 Mar 21;16:221. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1417-4.
BACKGROUND: The use of venom in intraspecific aggression is uncommon and venom-transmitting structures specifically used for intraspecific competition are found in few lineages of venomous taxa. Next-generation transcriptome sequencing allows robust characterization of venom diversity and exploratio
PMID 25886045

Japanese Journal

オーストリア・ウィーン自然史博物館所蔵、ヤギ類(刺胞動物門、八放サンゴ亜綱)の標本リストおよび八放サンゴ亜綱のインデックス(2012年6月調査)

松本亜沙子
東日本国際大学経済情報学部研究紀要 20(1), 65-86, 2015-03
NAID 40020467990

Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Briareum (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Miyazaki Yu,Reimer James Davis
Zoological science 31(10), 692-702, 2014-10
NAID 40020231675

A new species of sea anemone (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Sea of Japan: Cribrinopsis japonica sp. nov.

TSUTSUI KENTA,HATADA YUJI,TSURUWAKA YUSUKE
Plankton and Benthos Research 9(4), 197-202, 2014
A new species of sea anemone from the Sea of Japan is described as Cribrinopsis japonica sp. nov. In Toyama Bay, pinkish-colored anemones have been frequently caught by the local fishermen but never i …
NAID 130004946455

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「coral」「花虫綱」

「coral」

Anthozoa; Temporal range: 570–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Ediacaran to Recent
	Stony corals
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Anthozoa; Ehrenberg, 1834
Subclasses
	Octocorallia; Hexacorallia; Ceriantharia

　　[★]

サンゴ、珊瑚

関: Anthozoa

「花虫綱」

　　[★]

ラ: Anthozoa
関: サンゴ

[1] Crowther, A. L. (2011). "Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834" (PDF). In Z.-Q. Zhang. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148. pp. 19–23.

[IZ-2] Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 150. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.

[MilneBay-3] Contribution to the BUFUS Newsletter, Field excursion to Milne Bay Province - Papua New Guinea, Madl and Yip 2000

[Stampar2014-4] Stampar, S.N., Maronna, M.M., Kitahara, M.V., Reimer, J.D., Morandini, A.C. (March 2014). "Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?". PLoS ONE 9 (1): e86612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612. PMC 3903554. PMID 24475157.

[Daly2007-5] Daly, M.; Brugler, M.P.; Cartwright, P.; Collins, A.G.; Dawson, M.N.; Fautin, D.G.; France, S.C.; McFadden, C.S.; Opresko, D.M.; Rogriguez, E.; Romano, S.L.; Stake, J.L. (2007). "The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus" (PDF). Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. ISSN 1175-5326.

[Chen-6] Chen, C. A., D. M. Odorico, M. ten Lohuis, J. E. N. Veron, and D. J. Miller (June 1995). "Systematic relationships within the Anthozoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) using the 5'-end of the 28S rDNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 4 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1006/mpev.1995.1017. PMID 7663762.

[7] Hoeksema, Bert (2015). "Anthozoa". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-04-24.

[Oliver-8] Oliver, W. A., Jr. (1996). "Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the Scleractinia". In G. D. J. Stanley (ed.). Paleobiology and Biology of Corals. Columbus, Ohio: The Paleontological Society. pp. 107–134.

[Kotrc-9] Ben Kotrc (2005). "Anthozoa: Subgroups". Fossil Groups. University of Bristol. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

[10] Ben M. Waggoner (2000). David Smith and Allen Collins, ed. "Anthozoa: Fossil Record". Anthozoa. UCMP. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

[11] William A. Oliver, Jr. (2003). "Corals: Table 1". Fossil Groups. USGS. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

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Anthozoa