A. arabiensis, A. bwambae, A. melas, A. merus, A. quadriannulatus, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto
Binomial name
Anopheles gambiae
Giles 1902[1]
The tube-like heart (green) extends along the body, interlinked with the diamond-shaped alary muscles (also green) and surrounded by pericardial cells (red). Blue depicts cell nuclei.
The Anopheles gambiae complex consists of at least seven morphologically indistinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles. The complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly of the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.[2] It is one of the most efficient malaria vectors known.
Contents
1Discovery and elements
2Anopheles gambiae in the strict sense
3Fecundity
4Historical note
5References
6External links
Discovery and elements
The Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was recognized as a species complex only in the 1960s. The A. gambiae complex consists of:
Anopheles arabiensis
Anopheles bwambae
Anopheles melas
Anopheles merus
Anopheles quadriannulatus[3]
Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto[4]
Anopheles coluzzii
Anopheles amharicus
The individual species of the complex are morphologically difficult to distinguish from each other, although it is possible for larvae and adult females. The species exhibit different behavioural traits. For example, Anopheles quadriannulatus is both a saltwater and mineralwater species. A. melas and A. merus are saltwater species, while the remainder are freshwater species.[5]Anopheles quadriannulatus generally takes its blood meal from animals (zoophilic), whereas Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto generally feeds on humans, i.e. is considered anthropophilic.[citation needed]
Identification to the individual species level using the molecular methods of Scott et al. (1993)[6] can have important implications in subsequent control measures.
Anopheles gambiae in the strict sense
An. gambiae s.s. has been discovered to be currently in a state of diverging into two different species—the Mopti (M) and Savannah (S) strains—though as of 2007, the two strains are still considered to be a single species. The An. gambiae s.s. genome has been sequenced three times, once for the M strain, once for the S strain, and once for a hybrid strain.[7][8] Currently, ~90 miRNA have been predicted in the literature (38 miRNA officially listed in miRBase) for An. gambiae s.s. based upon conserved sequences to miRNA found in Drosophila.
The mechanism of species recognition appears to be sounds emitted by the wings and identified by Johnston's organ.[9]
Fecundity
Fecundity of A. gambiae depends on the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by catalase.[10] Reduction in catalase activity significantly reduces reproductive output of female mosquitoes, indicating that catalase plays a central role in protecting oocytes and early embryos from ROS damage.[10]
Historical note
An. gambiae invaded northeastern Brazil in 1930, which led to a malaria epidemic in 1938/1939.[11] The Brazilian government assisted by the Rockefeller Foundation in a programme spearheaded by Fred Soper eradicated these mosquitoes from this area. This effort was modeled on the earlier success in eradication of Aedes aegypti as part of the yellow fever control program. The exact species involved in this epidemic has been identified as An. arabiensis.[12]
References
^Giles, G.M. (1902). A handbook of the gnats or mosquitoes giving the anatomy and life history of the Culicidae together with descriptions of all species noticed up to the present date. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Limited. London, United Kingdom. 530pp
^"Anopheles gambiae complex". Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
^Besansky NJ, Powell JR, Caccone A, Hamm DM, Scott JA, Collins FH (July 1994). "Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (15): 6885–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6885. PMC 44302. PMID 8041714. Wilkins EE, Howell PI, Benedict MQ (2006). "IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis". Malar. J. 5 (1): 125. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-125. PMC 1769388. PMID 17177993.
^Yakob L (2011) Epidemiological consequences of a newly discovered cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae.Biol Lett
^G.B. White (1974). "Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 68 (4): 278–298. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(74)90035-2.
^C. Fanello; F. Santolamazza; A. Della Torre (2002). "Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 16 (4): 461–4. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x. PMID 12510902.
^"Anopheles gambiae: First genome of a vector for a parasitic disease". Genoscope.
^Lawniczak, M. K.; et al. (Oct 22, 2010). "Widespread divergence between incipient Anopheles gambiae species revealed by whole genome sequences". Science. 330 (6003): 512–4. doi:10.1126/science.1195755. PMC 3674514. PMID 20966253.
^Pennetier C, Warren B, Dabiré KR, Russell IJ, Gibson G (2009) "Singing on the wing" as a mechanism for species recognition in the malarial mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Curr. Biol.
^ abDeJong RJ, Miller LM, Molina-Cruz A, Gupta L, Kumar S, Barillas-Mury C (February 2007). "Reactive oxygen species detoxification by catalase is a major determinant of fecundity in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (7): 2121–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608407104. PMC 1892935. PMID 17284604.
^Killeen GF (October 2003). "Following in Soper's footsteps: northeast Brazil 63 years after eradication of Anopheles gambiae". Lancet Infect Dis. 3 (10): 663–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00776-X. PMID 14522266.
^Parmakelis A, Russello MA, Caccone A, et al. (January 2008). "Historical analysis of a near disaster: Anopheles gambiae in Brazil". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78 (1): 176–8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.176. PMID 18187802.
External links
Scholia has a topic profile for Anopheles gambiae.
"Anopheles gambiae". VectorBase.
"Anopheles gambiae". MetaPathogen.
View the anoGam1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser.
DiArk
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q135237
Wikispecies: Anopheles gambiae
EoL: 757480
EPPO: ANPHGB
GBIF: 1650518
iNaturalist: 650010
IRMNG: 11421884
ITIS: 125987
NCBI: 7165
WoRMS: 494106
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5. サラセミア症候群の分子病理 molecular pathology of the thalassemic syndromes
English Journal
A snapshot of the Ixodes scapularis degradome.
Mulenga A, Erikson K.AbstractParasitic encoded proteases are essential to regulating interactions between parasites and their hosts and thus they represent attractive anti-parasitic druggable and/or vaccine target. We have utilized annotations of Ixodes scapularis proteases in gene bank and version 9.3 MEROPS database to compile an index of at least 233 putatively active and 150 putatively inactive protease enzymes that are encoded by the I. scapularis genome. The 233 putatively active protease homologs hereafter referred to as the degradome (the full repertoire of proteases encoded by the I. scapularis genome) represent ~1.14% of the 20485 putative I. scapularis protein content. Consistent with observations in other animals, the content of the I. scapularis degradome is ~6.0% (14/233) aspartic, ~19% (44/233) cysteine, ~40% (93/233) metallo, ~28.3% (66/233) serine and ~6.4% (15/233) threonine proteases. When scanned against other tick sequences, ~11% (25/233) of I. scapularis putatively active proteases are conserved in other tick species with ?60% amino acid identity levels. The I. scapularis genome does not apparently encode for putatively inactive aspartic proteases. Of the 150 putative inactive protease homologs none are from the aspartic protease class, ~8% (12/150) are cysteine, ~58.7% (88/150) metallo, 30% (45/150) serine and ~3.3% (5/150) are threonine proteases. The I. scapularis tick genome appears to have evolutionarily lost proteolytic activity of at least 6 protease families, C56 and C64 (cysteine), M20 and M23 (metallo), S24 and S28 (serine) as revealed by a lack of the putatively active proteases in these families. The overall protease content is comparable to other organisms. However, the paucity of the S1 chymotrypsin/trypsin-like serine protease family in the I. scapularis genome where it is ~12.7% (28/233) of the degradome as opposed to ~22-48% content in other blood feeding arthropods, Pediculus humanus humanus, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes Aegypti and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is notable. The data is presented as a one-stop index of proteases encoded by the I. scapularis genome.
Gene.Gene.2011 Aug 15;482(1-2):78-93. Epub 2011 Apr 28.
Parasitic encoded proteases are essential to regulating interactions between parasites and their hosts and thus they represent attractive anti-parasitic druggable and/or vaccine target. We have utilized annotations of Ixodes scapularis proteases in gene bank and version 9.3 MEROPS database to compil
Identification and characterization of a novel chitinase-like gene cluster (AgCht5) possibly derived from tandem duplications in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae.
Zhang J, Zhang X, Arakane Y, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Ma E, Zhu KY.SourceResearch Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2011 Aug;41(8):521-8. Epub 2011 Mar 17.
Insect chitinase 5 (Cht5), a well-characterized enzyme found in the molting fluid and/or integument, is classified as a group I chitinase and is usually encoded by a single gene. In this study, a Cht5 gene cluster consisting of five different chitinase-like genes (AgCht5-1, AgCht5-2, AgCht5-3, AgCht
Malaria vectors in Lake Victoria and adjacent habitats in Western Kenya
Minakawa Noboru,Dida Gabriel O.,Sonye George O.,Futami Kyoko,Njenga Sammy M.
PLoS ONE 7(3), e32725, 2012-03-08
… Three primary vector species, Anopheles arabiensis, Anophelesgambiae s.s. … and Anopheles funestus s.s., and three potential vectors, were found in the lake habitats. … A potential secondary malaria vector, Anopheles rivulorum, dominated the water hyacinths in the lake. … Anopheles arabiensis dominated open habitats, whereas An. …
… Anophelesgambiae s.s. … and Anopheles arabiensis are major malaria vectors that are widely distributed in Kenya. … gambiae s.s. … gambiae s.s. … gambiae s.s. … gambiae s.s. … gambiae s.s. …