関: Alcaligenaceae

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Alcaligenes is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. The species are motile with one or more peritrichous flagella and rarely nonmotile. It is a genus of nonfermenting bacteria (in the family Alcaligenaceae). Additionally, some strains of Alcaligenes are capable of anaerobic respiration, but they must be in the presence of nitrate or nitrite; otherwise, their metabolism is respiratory and never fermentative; The genus does not use carbohydrates. Strains of Alcaligenes (such as A. faecalis) are found mostly in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates, decaying materials, dairy products, water, and soil; they can be isolated from human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and wounds in hospitalized patients with compromised immune systems. They are occasionally the cause of opportunistic infections, including nosocomial septicemia.^[1] ^[2]

Alcaligenes faecalis causes nosocomial septicemia, arising from contaminated hemodialysis or intravenous fluid, in immunocompromised patients. ^[3]

Alcaligenes species have been used for the industrial production of nonstandard amino acids; A. eutrophus also produces the biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate.

They are rods, coccal rods, or cocci, sized at about 0.5-1.0 x 0.5-2.6 μm. They are obligately aerobic, but some can undergo anaerobic respiration if nitrate is present. They tend to be colorless. They typically occur in the soil and water, and some live in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates. Samples from blood, urine, feces, discharge from ears, spinal fluid, and wounds have produced this type of bacteria. Zoonotic infections from ferrets have been recorded.^[4]

Alcaligenes species have been increasingly recovered over the past decade from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). An experiment recently examined the frequency of correct identification of Alcaligenes species by microbiology labs affiliated with American CF patient care centers. Most (89%) strains of microbial agents in these tests were correctly identified by the referring laboratories as Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. ^[5]

A. faecalis was isolated in 1896 by Petruschky from stale beer. Several strains of the organism have been found since then. This species is motile, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, not spore-forming, slowly growing, nonfermenting, nonencapsulated, Gram-negative aerobe of the family Alcaligenaceae. This species is most commonly found in the alimentary tract as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the normal population. Systemic infection with this organism is very uncommon. It has been reported to cause sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis, enteric fever, appendicitis, cystitis, chronic suppurative otitis media, abscesses, arthritis, pneumonitis, and endocarditis. It has been associated with fatal outcomes because these organisms are resistant to commonly used antibiotics. ^[6]

References

^ http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=2048
^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alcaligenes
^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alcaligenes
^ Malek-Marín T et al (2009) A case of endocarditis of difficult diagnosis in dialysis: could "pest" friends be involved? Clin Nephrol 72(5):405-409
^ Saiman, Lisa, Yunhua Chen, Setareh Tabibi, Pablo San Gabriel, Juyan Zhou, Zhenling Liu, Lena Lai, and Susan Whittier. "Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Alcaligenes Xylosoxidans Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39.11 (2001): 3942-945. NCBI. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88468/>
^ Kavuncuoglu, F., A. Unal, N. Oguzhan, B. Tokgoz, O. Oymak, and C. Utas. "First Reported Case of Alcaligenes Faecalis Peritonitis." Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30.1 (2010): 118-19. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.pdiconnect.com/content/30/1/118.full>

Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed. ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
Holt, John G. (1994). Determinative Bacteriology; 9th edition. Maryland: Williams & Wilkins. p. 75. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
{{Saiman, Lisa, Yunhua Chen, Setareh Tabibi, Pablo San Gabriel, Juyan Zhou, Zhenling Liu, Lena Lai, and Susan Whittier. "Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Alcaligenes Xylosoxidans Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39.11 (2001): 3942-945. NCBI. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88468/>.}}
{{Kavuncuoglu, F., A. Unal, N. Oguzhan, B. Tokgoz, O. Oymak, and C. Utas. "First Reported Case of Alcaligenes Faecalis Peritonitis." Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30.1 (2010): 118-19. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.pdiconnect.com/content/30/1/118.full>.}}

External links

Alcaligenes at Kenyon College.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嚢胞性線維症：肺疾患に対する抗菌薬療法 cystic fibrosis antibiotic therapy for lung disease
2. 小児における肺炎の疫学、病因、および原因 epidemiology pathogenesis and etiology of pneumonia in children
3. 腎移植レシピエントにおける尿路感染症 urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients
4. 嚢胞性線維症：肺疾患の臨床症状 cystic fibrosis clinical manifestations of pulmonary disease
5. 人工内耳の感染 cochlear implant infections

English Journal

Fluorescence Lifetime Analysis of Nitrite Reductase from Alcaligenes?xylosoxidans at the Single-Molecule Level Reveals the Enzyme Mechanism.

Tabares LC, Kostrz D, Elmalk A, Andreoni A, Dennison C, Aartsma TJ, Canters GW.SourceLeiden Institute of Physics, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333CA Leiden (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31)?71-5274349; Current address: CEA, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette (France). lctabares@chem.leidenuniv.nl, leandro.tabares@cea.fr.
Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany).Chemistry.2011 Oct 17;17(43):12015-9. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102063. Epub 2011 Sep 16.
PMID 21922585

Biodegradation and detoxification of melanoidin from distillery effluent using an aerobic bacterial strain SAG(5) of Alcaligenes faecalis.

Santal AR, Singh NP, Saharan BS.SourceDepartment of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2011 Oct 15;193:319-24. Epub 2011 Aug 5.
Distillery effluent retains very dark brown color even after anaerobic treatment due to presence of various water soluble, recalcitrant and coloring compounds mainly melanoidins. In laboratory conditions, melanoidin decolorizing bacteria was isolated and optimized the cultural conditions at various
PMID 21880418

Japanese Journal

Visualization and Direct Counting of Individual Denitrifying Bacterial Cells in Soil by nirK-Targeted Direct in situ PCR

RYUDA NORIKO,HASHIMOTO TOMOYOSHI,UENO DAISUKE,INOUE KOICHI,SOMEYA TAKASHI
Microbes and environments 26(1), 74-80, 2011-03-01
… Almost all (97.3%-100%) of the nirK-type denitrifying bacteria (Agromonas oligotrophica, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter denitrificans, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and Pseudomonas chlororaphis) were detected by direct in situ PCR, whereas no E. …
NAID 10028099025

腸内細菌のパイエル板組織内共生 (特集粘膜免疫システム--分子レベルで明らかになってきた監視・排除・共生機構と腸内細菌の全貌)

國澤純,後藤義幸,小幡高士 [他]
細胞工学 30(4), 409-412, 2011
NAID 40018761221

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アルカリゲネス属」「アルカリゲネス」「Alcaligenaceae」
拡張検索	「Alcaligenes属」「Alcaligenes faecalis」

「アルカリゲネス属」

Alcaligenes
	Alcaligenes faecalis. Flagella stain.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Beta Proteobacteria
Order:	Burkholderiales
Family:	Alcaligenaceae
Genus:	Alcaligenes; Castellani & Chalmers 1919
Species
	A. aestus; A. aquatilis; A. cupidus; A. defragrans; A. denitrificans; A. eutrophus; A. faecalis; A. latus; A. pacificus; A. piechaudii; A. ruhlandii; A. venustus; A. xylosoxidans

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ラ: Alcaligenes
関: アルカリゲネス、Alcaligenes属、アルカリゲネス科

「アルカリゲネス」

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ラ: Alcaligenes
関: アルカリゲネス属、Alcaligenes属

「Alcaligenaceae」

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アルカリゲネス科

ルカリゲネス科

関: Alcaligenes

「Alcaligenes属」

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ラ: Alcaligenes
関: アルカリゲネス属、アルカリゲネス

「Alcaligenes faecalis」

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アルガリゲネス・フェカリス

[1] ttp://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=2048

[2] ttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alcaligenes

[3] ttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alcaligenes

[4] Malek-Marín T et al (2009) A case of endocarditis of difficult diagnosis in dialysis: could "pest" friends be involved? Clin Nephrol 72(5):405-409

[5] Saiman, Lisa, Yunhua Chen, Setareh Tabibi, Pablo San Gabriel, Juyan Zhou, Zhenling Liu, Lena Lai, and Susan Whittier. "Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Alcaligenes Xylosoxidans Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39.11 (2001): 3942-945. NCBI. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88468/>

[6] Kavuncuoglu, F., A. Unal, N. Oguzhan, B. Tokgoz, O. Oymak, and C. Utas. "First Reported Case of Alcaligenes Faecalis Peritonitis." Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30.1 (2010): 118-19. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.pdiconnect.com/content/30/1/118.full>

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Alcaligenes