Actinobacteria

放線菌門

• 放線菌門、放線菌類、アクチノバクテリア

関

Actinomycetales、actinomycete、coryneform group

WordNet

1. any bacteria (some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals) belonging to the order Actinomycetales
2. filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria (同)order Actinomycetales

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/15 19:08:29」(JST)

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Actinobacteria
Scanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria Stackebrandt et al. 1997
Subclasses & Orders
?Nostocoida limicola I ♠ ?Candidatus Planktophila Jezbera et al. 2009 ?Cathayosporangium ♠ Runmao et al. 1995 ?Tonsillophilus suis ♠ Azuma and Bak 1980 Acidimicrobidae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Acidimicrobiales Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Coriobacteridae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Coriobacteriales Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Nitriliruptoridae Kurahashi et al. 2010 Nitriliruptorales Sorokin et al. 2009 Euzebyales Kurahashi et al. 2010 Rubrobacteridae Rainey et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Gaiellales Albuquerque et al. 2012 Rubrobacterales Rainey et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Solirubrobacterales Reddy and Garcia-Pichel 2009 Thermoleophilales Reddy and Garcia-Pichel 2009 Actinobacteridae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Bifidobacteriales Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi et al. 2009 Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 emend. Zhi et al. 2009

Actinobacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. They were all believed to have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA. However, recently it has been shown that several freshwater Actinobacteria actually have low G+C content. The G+C content of freshwater Actinobacteria can be as low as 42%. In view of this, it is recommended that the use of the epithet high G+C Gram positive organisms to refer to Actinobacteria be discontinued. They can be terrestrial or aquatic. Although understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in freshwaters. Actinobacteria is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces. Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of Actinobacteria.

Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinobacteria, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.

General

Most Actinobacteria of medical or economic significance are in subclass Actinobacteridae, order Actinomycetales. While many of these cause disease in humans, Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics.

Of those Actinobacteria not in Actinomycetales, Gardnerella is one of the most researched. Classification of Gardnerella is controversial, and MeSH catalogues it as both a gram-positive and gram-negative organism.

Actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces sp., are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine, such as antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals, antithrombotics, immunomodifiers, anti-tumor drugs and enzyme inhibitors; and in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and growth promoting substances for plants and animals. Actinobacteria-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines etc.

Streptomyces and other actinobacteria are major contributes to biological buffering of soils and have roles in organic matter decomposition conductive to crop production.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project

?Nostocoida limicola I ♠ ?Candidatus Planktophila limnetica Jezbera et al. 2009 ?Cathayosporangium alboflavum ♠ Runmao et al. 1995 ?Tonsillophilus suis ♠ Azuma and Bak 1980 Rubrobacter Suzuki et al. 1989   Thermoleophilidae Gaiella occulta Albuquerque et al. 2012 Thermoleophilum Zarilla and Perry 1986 Solirubrobacterales Coriobacteriaceae Acidimicrobiales  Nitriliruptoridae Euzebya tangerina Kurahashi et al. 2010 Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus Sorokin et al. 2009   Actinomycetales ?Boyliae praeputiale ♠ Yates et al. 2002 ?Frankia alni ♪ (Woronin 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895 ?Motilibacter peucedani Lee 2012 Acidothermus cellulolyticus Mohagheghi et al. 1986 Jiangellaceae Micromonosporaceae Propionibacterineae Actinocatenispora Thawai et al. 2006 emend. Seo and Lee 2009 Glycomycetaceae Streptosporangineae Pseudonocardiaceae [incl. Actinopolyspora] Corynebacterineae Catenulisporineae Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943 emend. Witt and Stackebrandt 1991 [incl. Kitasatospora & Streptacidiphilus] Sporichthya Lechevalier et al. 1968 Cryptosporangiaceae Geodermatophilaceae Nakamurellaceae Kineosporiaceae Kineococcus Yokota et al. 1993 Angustibacter luteus Tamura et al. 2010 Micrococcineae [incl. Actinomycetaceae & Bifidobacteriaceae]

Notes:
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

References

Further reading

• Pandey, B.; Ghimire, P.; Agrawal, V.P. (January 12–15, 2004). "Studies on the antibacterial activity of the Actinomycetes isolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal". International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation. Kathmandu. 
• Baltz, R.H. (2005). "Antibiotic discovery from actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall?". SIM News 55: 186–196. 
• Baltz, R.H. (2007). "Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes: Back to the Future". Microbe 2 (3): 125–131. 

External links

• Actinomycetes genome database

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. プロピオニバクテリウムによる侵襲性感染症 invasive propionibacterium infections

English Journal

• Characterization of three mycobacterial DinB (DNA polymerase IV) paralogs highlights DinB2 as naturally adept at ribonucleotide incorporation.

• Ordonez H1, Uson ML1, Shuman S2.
• Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Jan 1;42(17):11056-70. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku752. Epub 2014 Sep 8.
• This study unveils Mycobacterium smegmatis DinB2 as the founder of a clade of Y-family DNA polymerase that is naturally adept at incorporating ribonucleotides by virtue of a leucine in lieu of a canonical aromatic steric gate. DinB2 efficiently scavenges limiting dNTP and rNTP substrates in the pres
• PMID 25200080

• Mzabimyces algeriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic filamentous actinobacterium isolated from a Saharan soil, and proposal of Mzabimycetaceae fam. nov.

• Saker R1, Bouras N, Zitouni A, Ghoul M, Rohde M, Schumann P, Spröer C, Sabaou N, Klenk HP.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.2014 Nov;106(5):1021-30. doi: 10.1007/s10482-014-0271-8. Epub 2014 Sep 4.
• Three halophilic mycelium-forming actinobacteria, strains H195(T), H150 and H151, were isolated from a Saharan soil sample collected from Béni-isguen in the Mzab region (Ghardaïa, South of Algeria) and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterisation. These strains were observed to show an aer
• PMID 25186951

• Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on microbial community structure and PAH ring hydroxylating dioxygenase gene abundance in soil.

• Sawulski P1, Clipson N, Doyle E.
• Biodegradation.Biodegradation.2014 Nov;25(6):835-47. doi: 10.1007/s10532-014-9703-4. Epub 2014 Aug 6.
• Development of successful bioremediation strategies for environments contaminated with recalcitrant pollutants requires in-depth knowledge of the microorganisms and microbial processes involved in degradation. The response of soil microbial communities to three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phen
• PMID 25095739

Japanese Journal

• Characterization of Mannose Isomerase from a Cellulolytic Actinobacteria Thermobifida fusca MBL10003

• Kasumi Takafumi,Mori Sumiko,Kaneko Satoshi [他]
• Journal of applied glycoscience 61(1), 21-25, 2014
• NAID 40019983556

• Differences in Bacterial Community Structure on Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria americana in a Freshwater Spring

• Gordon-Bradley Nadine,Lymperopoulou Despoina S.,Williams Henry Neal
• Microbes and Environments, 2014
• … Based on the identified classes, the bacterial communities on eelgrass and Hydrilla were distinct, such that Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria were found on eelgrass and in the water column but not on Hydrilla. …
• NAID 130003390904

• Assessment of composition and origin of airborne bacteria in the free troposphere over Japan

• Maki Teruya,Kakikawa Makiko,Kobayashi Fumihisa,Yamada Maromu,Matsuki Atsushi,Hasegawa Hiroshi,Iwasaka Yasunobu
• Atmospheric Environment 74, 73-82, 2013-08
• … A clone library prepared from the north samples consisted primarily of two phyla, i.e., Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which are known to dominantly inhabit low-temperature environments of North Asia. …
• NAID 120005254075

Related Links

• Actinobacteria (Actinobacteria) - Information on Actinobacteria ...

Description of Actinobacteria The Actinobacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. Most are found in the soil, and they include some of the most common soil life, playing important roles in decomposition and humus formation.

• Actinobacteria - Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition)

Acidimicrobiaceae (1) Actinobacteridae Actinomycetales Actinomycineae Actinomyceaceae (5) Catenulisporineae Actinospicaceae (1) Catenulisporaceae (1) Corynebacterineae Corynebacteriaceae (1) Dieziaceae (1) ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アクチノバクテリア」「放線菌類」「coryneform group」「放線菌門」

「アクチノバクテリア」

　　[★]

ラ

Actinobacteria

関

放線菌、放線菌類、放線菌門、放線菌目、コリネ菌

「放線菌類」

　　[★]

英

actinomycete、Actinobacteria

関

放線菌、放線菌門、アクチノバクテリア

「coryneform group」

　　[★]

コリネ菌

関

Actinobacteria、Actinomycetales、actinomycete

「放線菌門」

　　[★]

ラ

Actinobacteria

関

放線菌類、アクチノバクテリア