アコレプラズマ科
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- Acholeplasma
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/28 00:06:32」(JST)
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| Acholeplasmatales |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Firmicutes or
Tenericutes
|
| Class: |
Mollicutes |
| Order: |
Acholeplasmatales |
| Family: |
Acholeplasmataceae |
| Genera |
|
Acholeplasma
Ca. Phytoplasma
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Acholeplasmatales is an order in the Class Mollicutes, containing merely one family, Acholeplasmataceae, comprising the genera Acholeplasma and Phytoplasma. Yet, Phytoplasma has the Candidatus state, because members still could not be cultured.
Etymology: The name Acholeplasmatales is derived from the Greek a = not, cholè = bile and plasma = anything moulded or formed. [1]
Species in the order Acholeplasmatales can grow in a medium without cholesterol, unlike species in the order Mycoplasmatales. Cholesterol is a sterol that is an important component of the cell membrane of mycoplasmas, whereas in acholeplasmas and in bacteria in general it is absent.
Characteristics
Members of Acholeplasmatales are facultative anaerobic. They are parasites or commensals of vertebrates, insects or plants; some are saprophyte. [2]
Phytoplasmas colonize the phloem sieve elements of vascular plants, causing diseases. They are transmitted by sap-sucking insects (primarily leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids [3] ), living in the gut, haemolymph, salivary gland and other organs. Like other mollicutes, they show a high host specificity. [4]
Classification
In the first taxonomy of Mollicutes the classification was based on requiring or not requiring cholesterol for growth. The old order Mycoplasmatales consisted of two families: the family Mycoplasmataceae, which requires cholesterol and the sterol-nonrequiring family Acholeplasmataceae. [1][5] In view of the many properties in which the acholeplasmas distinguish from species in Mycoplasmataceae and Spiroplasmataceae, Freundt et al. proposed in 1984 to elevate the family Acholeplasmataceae to the ordinal rank Acholeplasmatales, thus separating it from Mycoplasmatales. [6]
In 1987, the division in sterol requiring and nonrequiring changed with the addition of a third order, Anaeroplasmatales, taking into account that dependence on anaerobic growth conditions is an important characteristic. [7]
References
- ^ a b D.G. Edward, E.A. Freundt Amended nomenclature for strains related to Mycoplasma laidlawii.; J Gen Microbiol. 1970 Jul; 62; PDF
- ^ Stephens et al. Intraspecies Genetic Relatedness among Strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and of Acholeplasma axanthum by Nucleic Acid Hybridization J. of General Microbiology (1983), 129, p 1929-1934.
- ^ Phyllis G. Weintraub and LeAnn Beanland Insect vectors of phytoplasmas Annual Review of Entomology; Vol. 51: 91-111 (2006); doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039
- ^ IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects; Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 1243–1255 (2004).
- ^ Edward, D. G.; Freundt, E. A. (1969). "Proposal for Classifying Organisms Related to Mycoplasma laidlawii in a Family Sapromycetaceae, Genus Sapromyces, within the Mycoplasmatales". Microbiology 57 (3): 391. doi:10.1099/00221287-57-3-391.
- ^ Freundt et al. Proposal for elevation of the family Acholeplasmataceae to ordinal rank: Acholeplasmatales. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1984, 34, 346-349.
- ^ I.M. Robinson and E.A. Freundt Proposal for an Amended Classification of Anaerobic Mollicutes Int J Syst Bacteriol 1987, Vol. 37, p. 78-81
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification (phyla and orders)
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- Domain
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukaryota
- (Kingdom
- Plant
- Hacrobia
- Heterokont
- Alveolata
- Rhizaria
- Excavata
- Amoebozoa
- Animal
- Fungi)
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G-/
OM |
Terra-/
Glidobacteria
(BV1) |
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Eobacteria
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- Deinococcus-Thermus
- Chloroflexi
- Anaerolineales
- Caldilineales
- Chloroflexales
- Herpetosiphonales
- Dehalococcoidales
- Ktedonobacterales
- Thermogemmatisporales
- Thermomicrobiales
- Sphaerobacterales
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other glidobacteria
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- Thermodesulfobacteria
- thermophiles
- Cyanobacteria
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Proteobacteria
(BV2)
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Alpha
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- Caulobacterales
- Kiloniellales
- Kordiimonadales
- Magnetococcales
- Parvularculales
- Rhizobiales
- Rhodobacterales
- Rhodospirillales
- Rickettsiales
- Sneathiellales
- Sphingomonadales
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Beta
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- Burkholderiales
- Hydrogenophilales
- Methylophilales
- Neisseriales
- Nitrosomonadales
- Procabacteriales
- Rhodocyclales
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Gamma
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- Acidithiobacillales
- Aeromonadales
- Alteromonadales
- Cardiobacteriales
- Chromatiales
- Enterobacteriales
- Legionellales
- Methylococcales
- Oceanospirillales
- Orbales
- Pasteurellales
- Pseudomonadales
- Salinisphaerales
- Thiotrichales
- Vibrionales
- Xanthomonadales
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Delta
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- Bdellovibrionales
- Desulfarculales
- Desulfobacterales
- Desulfovibrionales
- Desulfurellales
- Desulfuromonadales
- Myxococcales
- Syntrophobacterales
- Syntrophorhabdales
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Epsilon
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- Campylobacterales
- Nautiliales
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Zeta
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BV4
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Spirochaetes
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Sphingobacteria
(FCB group)
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- Fibrobacteres
- Chlorobi
- Chlorobiales
- Ignavibacteriales
- Bacteroidetes
- Bacteroidales
- Cytophagales
- Flavobacteriales
- Sphingobacteriales
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Planctobacteria/
(PVC group)
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- Chlamydiae
- Lentisphaerae
- Lentisphaerales
- Oligosphaerales
- Victivallales
- Planctomycetes
- Phycisphaerales
- Planctomycetales
- Verrucomicrobia
- Puniceicoccales
- Opitutales
- Chthoniobacterales
- Verrucomicrobiales
- "Poribacteria"
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Other GN
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- Acidobacteria
- Acidobacteriales
- Acanthopleuribacterales
- Holophagales
- Solibacterales
- Armatimonadetes
- Armatimonadales
- Chthonomonadales
- Fimbriimonadales
- Caldiserica
- Chrysiogenetes
- Deferribacteres
- Dictyoglomi
- Elusimicrobia
- Fusobacteria
- Gemmatimonadetes
- Nitrospirae
- Synergistetes
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G+/
no OM |
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Firmicutes
(BV3)
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Bacilli
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- Bacillales
- Lactobacillales
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Clostridia
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- Clostridiales
- Halanaerobiales
- Thermoanaerobacterales
- Natranaerobiales
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Erysipelotrichi
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Thermolithobacteria
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Tenericutes/
Mollicutes
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- Mycoplasmatales
- Entomoplasmatales
- Anaeroplasmatales
- Acholeplasmatales
- Haloplasmatales
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Negativicutes
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Actinobacteria
(BV5)
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Actinomycetidae
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- Actinomycetales
- Bifidobacteriales
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Acidimicrobiidae
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Coriobacteriidae
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Nitriliruptoridae
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- Euzebyales
- Nitriliruptorales
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Rubrobacteridae
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- Gaiellales
- Rubrobacterales
- Thermoleophilales
- Solirubrobacterales
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gr+f/gr+a (t)/gr-p (c)/gr-o
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drug (J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
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English Journal
- Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of wheat viruses and a phytoplasma in China.
- Tao Y, Man J, Wu Y.SourceState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2012 Jul;157(7):1261-7. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
- Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs, mainly consisting of three strains, GAV, GPV and PAV, in China), barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), wheat dwarf virus (WDV) and wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma (WBD) constitute a group of major wheat pathogens that have caused huge y
- PMID 22456911
- Effects of Bois noir on carbon assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance of leaves and yield of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv. Chardonnay.
- Endeshaw ST, Murolo S, Romanazz G, Neri D.SourceDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
- Physiologia plantarum.Physiol Plant.2012 Jun;145(2):286-95.
- Bois noir (BN) is one of the main phytoplasma diseases of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). It is widespread, and can cause severe losses in European vineyards. The infective agent colonizes phloem elements and induces visible symptoms of leaf yellowing or reddening after a relatively long incubation peri
- PMID 22715513
Related Links
- Acholeplasmatales is an order in the Class Mollicutes, containing merely one family, Acholeplasmataceae, comprising the genera Acholeplasma and Phytoplasma. Yet, Phytoplasma has the Candidatus state, because members still could not ...
- Species of the Acholeplasmataceae differ from species of the Mycoplasmataceae and Spiroplasmataceae in many respects ... species. Finally, significant differences exist between the nucleic acids of the Acholeplasmataceae and the ...
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