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1. 終末期の効果的な疼痛マネージメントにおける倫理的問題ethical considerations in effective pain management at the end of life [show details]
…to relieve pain and not to cause death. This is the principle of double effect (PDE), a concept that originated in the Catholic Church. This principle stipulates that the action taken (administering medication …
2. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：後膣壁脱の外科的修復pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse [show details]
… perform a Kelly bladder neck plication at the time of anterior colporrhaphy. However, randomize trial data show that anterior colporrhaphy alone or with a Kelly (or Kelly-Kennedy) plication… General principles of surgical decision-making regarding pelvic organ prolapse (POP) (eg,…
3. 集中治療室（ICU）における成人に対する人工呼吸器によるサポートの休止および離脱withholding and withdrawing ventilatory support in adults in the intensive care unit [show details]
…the "principle of double effect" and is discussed in more detail below. For the patient in whom ventilatory support may be withheld or withdrawn, pain control can be justified by the principle of double …
4. 大動脈弁狭窄症における大動脈弁口面積aortic valve area in aortic stenosis [show details]
…velocities may also be directly applied to an estimation of aortic valve area by the continuity principle. Simply stated, flow volume (Q) measurements at proximate sites in a closed system (such as the …
5. 腹腔鏡下手術に用いる腹部アクセス法abdominal access techniques used in laparoscopic surgery [show details]
…technique: Make an incision in the skin. Bluntly dissect the subcutaneous fat with a clamp (tonsil, Kelly). Cauterize, or ligate and divide, any vessels that are encountered. Place Kocher clamps on the … There continues to be controversy over which of the two principle techniques,…

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