bastion

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. a stronghold into which people could go for shelter during a battle (同)citadel
2. projecting part of a rampart or other fortification
3. a group that defends a principle; "a bastion against corruption"; "the last bastion of communism"
4. secured with bastions or fortifications (同)fortified

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 稜堡(りょうほ)(要塞(さい)の突出して部分) / 要塞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/06 00:00:02」(JST)

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For other uses, see Bastion (disambiguation).

"bulwark" redirects here. For other uses, see bulwark (disambiguation).

Drawing of a bastion

A bastion (also named bulwark, derived from the Dutch name "bolwerk"), is an angular structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of an artillery fortification. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and also the adjacent bastions. It is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries. Bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defense in the age of gunpowder artillery compared with the medieval fortifications they replaced.

Effectiveness

A bastion in the Komárno Fortress (Slovakia).

Bastions differ from medieval towers in a number of respects. Bastions are lower than towers and are normally of similar height to the adjacent curtain wall. The height of towers, although making them difficult to scale, also made them easy for artillery to destroy. A bastion would normally have a ditch in front, the opposite side of which would be built up above the natural level then slope away gradually. This glacis shielded most of the bastion from the attacker's cannon while the distance from the base of the ditch to the top of the bastion meant it was still difficult to scale.

In contrast to typical late medieval towers, bastions (apart from early examples) were flat sided rather than curved. This eliminated dead ground making it possible for the defenders to fire upon any point directly in front of the bastion.

Bastions also cover a larger area than most towers. This allows more cannons to be mounted and provided enough space for the crews to operate them.

Although surviving examples of bastions are usually faced with masonry, unlike the wall of a tower, this was just a retaining wall. Cannonballs were expected to pass through this and be absorbed by a greater thickness of hard-packed earth or rubble behind. The top of the bastion was exposed to enemy fire, and normally would not be faced with masonry as cannonballs hitting the surface would scatter lethal stone shards among the defenders.

If a bastion was successfully stormed it could provide the attackers with a stronghold from which to launch further attacks. Some bastion designs attempted to minimise this problem. This could be achieved by the use of retrenchments in which a trench was dug across the rear (gorge) of the bastion, isolating it from the main rampart

Types

Various kinds of bastions have been used throughout history.

• Solid bastions are those that are filled up entirely, and have the ground even with the height of the rampart, without any empty space towards the centre.
• Void or hollow bastions are those that have a rampart, or parapet, only around their flanks and faces, so that a void space is left towards the centre. The ground is so low, that if the rampart is taken, no retrenchment can be made in the centre, but what will lie under the fire of the besieged.
• A flat bastion is one built in the middle of a curtain, or enclosed court, when the court is too large to be defended by the bastions at its extremes. The term is also used of bastions built on a right line.
• A cut bastion is that which has a re-entering angle at the point. It was sometimes also called bastion with a tenaille. Such bastions were used, when without such a structure, the angle would be too acute. The term cut bastion is also used for one that is cut off from the place by some ditch. These are also called Hersee's after their creator, Andrew Hersee.
• A composed bastion is when the two sides of the interior polygon are very unequal, which also makes the gorges unequal.
• A regular bastion is that which has proportionate faces, flanks, and gorges.
• A deformed or irregular bastion is one which lacks one of its demi-gorges; one side of the interior polygon being too short.
• A demi-bastion has only one face and flank. To fortify the angle of a place that is too acute, they cut the point, and place two demi-bastions, which make a tenaille, or re-entry angle. Their chief use is before a hornwork or crownwork.
• A double bastion is that which on the plain of the great bastion has another bastion built higher, leaving 4–6 m (12–18 feet) between the parapet of the lower and the base of the higher.
• Semi-circular bastions were used in the 16th century, but fell out of favour because of the difficulty of concentrating the fire of guns distributed around a curve. Also known as "half-moon" bastions.
• Circular bastions or roundels evolved in the 15th and early 16th centuries but were gradually superseded by angled bastions.

Gallery

• One of the bastions of the castle of Copertino, Italy

• Aerial view of bastions at the Castle Siklós, Hungary

• Some of the first polygonal bulwarks that would define the trace italienne were built at Rhodes between 1486 and 1497

• Plan of Geneva and environs in 1841. The colossal fortifications, incorporating numerous bastions and among the most important in Europe, were demolished ten years later.

• Plan of Tvrđa from 1861, in Osijek, Croatia. While the fortifications have largely been removed, some bastions are still preserved.

• The Circular Bastion at the Bekal Fort, Kasaragod district, Kerala State, India.

• One of the semi-circular bastions at Deal Castle, a Device Fort on the south coast of England.

• Bastion in the south glacis of the Citadel of Aleppo, one of the oldest castles in the world

• 20th century bastion in Switzerland

See also

• Bastille
• Battery tower
• Roundel
• Star fort

Notes

References

• Whitelaw, A., ed. (1846), The popular encyclopedia; or, 'Conversations Lexicon' I, Glasgow,Edinburgh, and London: Blackie & Son 
• Harris, John. "Bastions". Fortress Study Group. Retrieved 2 March 2012. 

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "^{article name needed}". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 

• [1]

English Journal

• Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy presenting with unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a Malay teenager.

• Leow SN, Bastion ML.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• BMJ case reports.BMJ Case Rep.2013 May 4;2013. pii: bcr2013009664. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009664.
• To describe a case of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy presenting with unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a Malay teenager.
• PMID 23645703

• Intraoperative cell salvage in a combat support hospital: a prospective proof of concept study.

• Bhangu A, Nepogodiev D, Doughty H, Bowley DM.SourceJoint Force Hospital, Camp Bastion, Afghanistan, Op HERRICK, BFPO 792.
• Transfusion.Transfusion.2013 Apr;53(4):805-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03835.x. Epub 2012 Aug 6.
• BACKGROUND: Provision of transfusion support is an important element of contemporary military operations, but presents a considerable logistic burden. Intraoperative blood salvage (IBS) offers the potential to reduce dependency on donated red blood cell (RBC) supply. The aim of this study was to ass
• PMID 22882352

• An invisible enemy: Panton-Valentine leukocidin Staphylococcus aureus on deployed troops.

• Johnstone P, Matheson AS.SourcePathology Department, MDHU Portsmouth, Hants, UK.
• Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service.J R Nav Med Serv.2013;99(1):9-12.
• Over the last seven years Primary Care establishments in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines have dealt with a number of severe and fatal infections caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) producing Staphylococcus aureus, and appear to be seeing these infections more commonly than their civilian co
• PMID 23691856

• The use of Celox gauze as an adjunct to pelvic Packing in otherwise uncontrollable pelvic haemorrhage secondary to penetrating trauma.

• Arul GS, Bowley DM, DiRusso S.SourceDepartment of Surgery, UK MTF, Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. surenarul@doctors.org.uk
• Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps.J R Army Med Corps.2012 Dec;158(4):331-3; discussion 333-4.
• Haemorrhage from severe pelvic fractures can be associated with significant mortality. Modern civilian trauma centres may manage these injuries with a combination of external pelvic fixation, extra-peritoneal packing and/or selective angiography; however, military patterns of wounding are different
• PMID 23402073

Japanese Journal

• 理不尽な集合暴力は誰がどのように裁くことができるか : ケニア選挙後暴動の事例から(<特集I>暴力と人間)

• 松田 素二
• フォーラム現代社会学 (10), 37-49, 2011-06-30
• 1990年代のアフリカは内戦と内乱の時代だった。たとえば1994年のルワンダではわずか数カ月で100万人に近い犠牲者がでた。スーダン、エチオピア、シエラレオネ、コンゴなどでも大量の犠牲者がうまれ社会に癒しがたい傷を残した。2000年代にはいると、この社会に刻まれた傷跡を癒し社会的和解を展望するさまざまな試みが登場する。しかし夥しい数の死者への慰謝や心身に深い傷をおった犠牲者の回復は、いかにして可能 …
• NAID 110009486243

• Social Capital and Job-Searching Processes of Japanese-Minahasans in Oarai, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan

• Ushio MEGURO
• Geographical review of Japan series B 82(2), 167-183, 2010
• … In the job-searching strategies, Oarai serves as a "bastion" for their spatial expansion. …
• NAID 130004544344

• 交流の拠点―現代の倭館

• KIM Kyoungil,金 京一
• 東アジア評論 (1), 83-84, 2009-03-31
• … Since 2003 the Tsushima Bureau in Pusan functions as a bastion to promote mutual exchange between Korea and Japan. …
• NAID 120005568839

• 世紀転換期ブダペストの王宮の丘のモニュメント計画に関する研究

• 水野 貴博
• 日本建築学会計画系論文集 74(645), 2547-2554, 2009
• … This monument was planned to be seen from the opposite side of the Danube, along with a new building which represents the history before the foundation of the church, and a part of the city wall called the Fisherman's Bastion which serves as the common pedestal of the two buildings. …
• NAID 130004895192

Related Links

• Supergiant Games - Homepage

Supergiant Games is an independent game developer based in San Francisco, California. We made the games Bastion and Transistor.

• Bastion | Definition of bastion by Merriam-Webster

Full Definition of BASTION 1 : a projecting part of a fortification 2 : a fortified area or position 3 : stronghold 2 <the last bastion of academic standards ...

• Supergiant Games - Bastion

Supergiant Games is an independent game developer based in San Francisco, California. We made the games Bastion and Transistor.

Related Pictures