WordNet

not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes
artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" (同)contrived, hokey, stilted
contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" (同)unreal
a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech (同)voice_box

PrepTutorEJDIC

『人造の』,『人工の』,人為的な / 模造の / 不自然な,見せかけの
喉頭(こうとう)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/21 10:54:52」(JST)

wiki en

An electrolarynx, sometimes referred to as a "throat back" is a medical device about the size of a small electric razor used to produce clearer speech by those people who have lost their voicebox, usually due to cancer of the larynx. The most common device is a handheld, battery-operated device placed under the mandible which produces vibrations to allow speech.^[1] Earlier non-electric devices were called mechanical larynxes. Along with developing esophageal voice, robotic voice or undergoing a surgical procedure, the electrolarynx serves as a mode of speech recovery for laryngectomy patients.

Overview

Initially, the pneumatic mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by Western Electric. It did not run on electricity, and was flawed in that it produced a weak voice. Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when esophageal voice was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, many medical procedures, such as the tracheo-oesophageal puncture, were created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.

The use of an electrolarynx can cause some social issues including difficulty ordering a drink in a noisy pub,^[3] and, when answering a telephone, the caller responds "Is this a computer that I'm speaking to?"^[2] One user states:

People are really very kind once they realize what the situation is. I may go into a restaurant once, and if I go back there a year later, and it's the same woman at the front desk, she'll say, 'Where have you been? We haven't seen you for a while.' So, I feel like a movie star...
I'm really very blessed in my life. I am happier now, without my voice, than I've ever been with my voice. It's a small price to pay for being alive and enjoying life. So I am very happy where I am now.^[2]

Fictional users

Ned Gerblansky on South Park.
Stemroach (David Bradley) on Ideal.
Electrolarynx Guy (Jack Axelrod) on My Name Is Earl.
WWE wrestler Kane, for his first two years in the company (1998-99)
The Smoking Family from Chewin' The Fat.
Charlie in Mad Max.
Zimos from Saints Row The Third.
The tobacco company representative in episode 3 of The Games.
Sawyer the Cleaner from Black Lagoon
The sales representative for the fictional company Hamilton's Water Breaks appearing in episode 3 of I'm Alan Partridge. The title character comments that he 'sounds like the girl in The Exorcist'
Agents of "Leviathan" on Agent Carter
Emilio Sanchez, one of the residents of the Lawrence Hilton Jacobs housing project on The PJs
Smokie Martling, a parody of Jackie Martling from The Howard Stern Show

References

^ Department of Otolaryngology. "Electrolaryngeal Speech". Eastern Virginia Medical School. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Forman, Rene; Nadia Reiman, Jud Esty-Kendall with radio station KCRW (2012). "Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer". StoryCorps. National Public Radio. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help) Also hear the audio at NPR
^ ^a ^b "Communication after laryngectomy". South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK). March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 無喉頭言語リハビリテーション alaryngeal speech rehabilitation
2. 分娩前の胎児心拍数評価 antepartum fetal heart rate assessment
3. 癌治療患者における様々なリハビリの問題 various rehabilitation issues in patients treated for cancer

English Journal

Classification models based on the level of metals in hair and nails of laryngeal cancer patients: diagnosis support or rather speculation?

Golasik M1, Jawień W, Przybyłowicz A, Szyfter W, Herman M, Golusiński W, Florek E, Piekoszewski W.
Metallomics : integrated biometal science.Metallomics.2015 Mar 11;7(3):455-65. doi: 10.1039/c4mt00285g.
The etiology of cancer is complex, and the disturbances in toxic and essential metals homeostasis are among many of the factors that lead to the development of malignancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cancer risk and element status as well as cancer risk and exter
PMID 25616222

Amplified recruitment pressure of biofouling organisms in commercial salmon farms: potential causes and implications for farm management.

Bloecher N1, Floerl O, Sunde LM.
Biofouling.Biofouling.2015 Feb;31(2):163-72. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1012713.
The development of biofouling on finfish aquaculture farms presents challenges for the industry, but the factors underlying nuisance growths are still not well understood. Artificial settlement surfaces were used to examine two possible explanations for high rates of biofouling in Norwegian salmon f
PMID 25686515

Subjective voice quality, communicative ability and swallowing after definitive radio(chemo)therapy, laryngectomy plus radio(chemo)therapy, or organ conservation surgery plus radio(chemo)therapy for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.

Szuecs M1, Kuhnt T2, Punke C3, Witt G3, Klautke G4, Kramp B3, Hildebrandt G5.
Journal of radiation research.J Radiat Res.2015 Jan;56(1):159-68. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rru093. Epub 2014 Oct 26.
This retrospective analysis focusses on the impact of therapy on perceived long-term post-cancer treatment function. A validated questionnaire including items and components for the assessment of communicative ability, quality of voice and swallowing was sent to 129 patients. All patients were treat
PMID 25348250

Japanese Journal

1G11 呼気駆動型埋込式人工喉頭とその抑揚制御機能 : 簡易化モデルを用いた動的シミュレーション手法の開発(GS2-1:治療・診断(1))

バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2015(27), 259-260, 2015-01-08
NAID 110009965340

チタン製スペーサーとプレートによる喉頭気管の再建を行った喉頭外傷の1例

喉頭 26(1), 36-41, 2014
NAID 130004839278

2P1-Q05 人工喉頭を用いたSinger Robotの研究 : 子音の発声と歌声用原音発声機構について(アミューズメント・エンタティナーロボット)

ロボティクス・メカトロニクス講演会講演概要集 2013, 2P1-Q05(1)"-"2P1-Q05(4)", 2013-05-22
NAID 110009963530

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関連記事	「artificial」

「artificial」

External media
Audio
	Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer (2:54), StoryCorps
Video
	Communication after laryngectomy (8:58), South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK)

　　[★]

adj.

人工の、人工的な、人為的な

関: artificially

[1] Department of Otolaryngology. "Electrolaryngeal Speech". Eastern Virginia Medical School. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

[NPR-2] Forman, Rene; Nadia Reiman, Jud Esty-Kendall with radio station KCRW (2012). "Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer". StoryCorps. National Public Radio. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help) Also hear the audio at NPR

[SECLSG-3] "Communication after laryngectomy". South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK). March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2013.

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案内

案内

artificial larynx