動物恐・症

WordNet

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement (同)animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna
marked by the appetites and passions of the body; "animal instincts"; "carnal knowledge"; "fleshly desire"; "a sensual delight in eating"; "music is the only sensual pleasure without vice" (同)carnal, fleshly, sensual
an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations; "phobic disorder is a general term for all phobias" (同)phobic_disorder, phobic_neurosis
(Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious

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(植物に対して)『動物』 / (人間以外の)『動物』,けだもの / (魚・鳥などに対して)哺乳動物(mammal) / けだもの(野獣)のような人 / (比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》動物の,動物性の,動物質の / (知的・精神的に対して)動物的な;肉欲的な
(…に対する)恐怖症,病的恐怖(嫌悪)《+『about』+『名』(do『ing』)》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/25 08:20:03」(JST)

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A specific phobia is a generic term for any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected persons tend to actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them. So it is disabling to their daily lives.

The fear or anxiety may be triggered both by the presence and the anticipation of the specific object or situation. A person who encounters that of which they are phobic will often show signs of fear or express discomfort. In some cases it can result in a panic attack. In most adults this kind of phobia is consciously recognized by the person. Still, anxiety and avoidance are difficult to control and may significantly impair the person's functioning and even physical health.

Epidemiology

Specific phobias have a one-year prevalence of 4.4% in the USA.^[1] The usual age of onset is childhood to adolescence. Women are twice as likely to suffer from specific phobias as men.^[2]

Evolutionary theory argues that infants or children develop specific phobias that could possible harm them, so their phobias alert them to this sense of danger. The most common co-occurring disorder for children with a specific phobia is another anxiety disorder. Although comorbidity is frequent for children with specific phobias, it tends to be lower than for other anxiety disorders. Onset is typically between 7-9 years of age. Specific phobias can occur at any age but seem to peak between 10 and 13 years of age.

Categories of specific phobias

According to the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, phobias can be classified under the following general categories:

Animal type – Fear of dogs, cats, rats and/or mice, pigs, cows, birds, spiders, or snakes.
Natural environment type – Fear of heights (acrophobia), lightning and thunderstorms (astraphobia), or aging (gerascophobia).
Situational type – Fear of small confined spaces (claustrophobia), or the dark (nyctophobia).
Blood/injection/injury type – Fear of medical procedures, including needles and injections (Trypanophobia).
Other – Fear of contracting an illness; children's fears of loud sounds or costumed characters.^[3]

Diagnosis

Main Features of Diagnostic Criteria for Specific Phobia in the DSM-IV-TR:

Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood).
Exposure to the phobic stimulus almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response, which may take the form of a situationally bound or situationally predisposed panic attack.

Note: In children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging.

The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.

Note: In children, this feature may be absent.

The phobic situation(s) is avoided or else is endured with intense anxiety or distress.

Treatment

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)- a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures

One-Session Treatment (OST)- a variant of cognitive-behavioral therapy, combines graduated in vivo exposure, participant modeling, reinforcement, psychoeducation, cognitive challenges, and skills training in an intensive treatment model. Treatment is maximized to one 3-hour session. The success of the treatment is could be affected by the therapeutic relationship, motivation, and expectations towards the treatment and their possible relations with the outcome.

References

^ Narrow et al. (2002). "Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States". Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (2): 115–123. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.115. PMID 11825131.
^ Cameron, Alasdair (2004). Crash Course Psychiatry. Elsevier Ltd. ISBN 0-7234-3340-2.
^ DSM-IV-TR 300.29, p. 445.

External links

Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders – Specific phobias

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および青年における恐怖および恐怖症の概要 overview of fears and phobias in children and adolescents
2. 成人における特定恐怖症：疫学、臨床症状、経過、および診断 specific phobia in adults epidemiology clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
3. 成人における単一恐怖に対する心理療法 psychotherapy for specific phobia in adults
4. 成人の広場恐怖症：疫学、臨床症状、経過、および診断 agoraphobia in adults epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
5. 成人における単一恐怖の治療における内科的治療および歯科治療 treatment for specific phobias of medical and dental procedures in adults

English Journal

Influence of perceptual cues and conceptual information on the activation and reduction of claustrophobic fear.

Shiban Y1, Peperkorn H2, Alpers GW3, Pauli P2, Mühlberger A4.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2016 Jun;51:19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.002. Epub 2015 Nov 26.
BACKGROUND: Fear reactions in phobic patients can be activated by specific perceptual cues (C) or by conceptual fear-related information (I). An earlier study with spider phobic participants documented that perceptual stimuli are particularly potent to trigger fear responses. Because fear of spiders
PMID 26687921

Peer social interaction is facilitated in juvenile rhesus monkeys treated with fluoxetine.

Golub MS1, Hogrefe CE2, Bulleri AM2.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2016 Jun;105:553-60. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.025. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
Fluoxetine improves social interactions in children with autism, social anxiety and social phobia. It is not known whether this effect is mediated directly or indirectly by correcting the underlying pathology. Genetics may also influence the drug effect. Polymorphisms of the MAOA (monoamine oxidase
PMID 26905291

Pure animal phobia is more specific than other specific phobias: epidemiological evidence from the Zurich Study, the ZInEP and the PsyCoLaus.

Ajdacic-Gross V1,2, Rodgers S3,4, Müller M3,4, Hengartner MP4,5, Aleksandrowicz A3,4, Kawohl W3,4, Heekeren K3,4, Rössler W4,6,7, Angst J3, Castelao E8, Vandeleur C8, Preisig M8.
European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.2016 Mar 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Interest in subtypes of mental disorders is growing in parallel with continuing research progress in psychiatry. The aim of this study was to examine pure animal phobia in contrast to other specific phobias and a mixed subtype. Data from three representative Swiss community samples were analysed: Ps
PMID 27001383