WordNet

let eat; "range the animals in the prairie"
a place for shooting (firing or driving) projectiles of various kinds; "the army maintains a missile range in the desert"; "any good golf club will have a range where you can practice"
a series of hills or mountains; "the valley was between two ranges of hills"; "the plains lay just beyond the mountain range" (同)mountain_range, range of mountains, chain, mountain_chain, chain of mountains
the limits within which something can be effective; "range of motion"; "he was beyond the reach of their fire" (同)reach
a large tract of grassy open land on which livestock can graze; "they used to drive the cattle across the open range every spring"; "he dreamed of a home on the range"
a variety of different things or activities; "he answered a range of questions"; "he was impressed by the range and diversity of the collection"
lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line; "lay out the clothes"; "lay out the arguments" (同)array, lay_out, set out
change or be different within limits; "Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion"; "Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent"; "The instruments ranged from tuba to cymbals"; "My students range from very bright to dull" (同)run
range or extend over; occupy a certain area; "The plants straddle the entire state" (同)straddle
have a range; be capable of projecting over a certain distance, as of a gun; "This gun ranges over two miles"
give voice to; "He voiced his concern"
(linguistics) the grammatical relation (active or passive) of the grammatical subject of a verb to the action that the verb denotes
a means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated; "the voice of the law"; "the Times is not the voice of New York"; "conservatism has many voices"
the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a persons speech; "A shrill voice sounded behind us"
the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract; "a singer takes good care of his voice"; "the giraffe cannot make any vocalizations" (同)vocalization, vocalisation, vocalism, phonation, vox
(metonymy) a singer; "he wanted to hear trained voices sing it"
a sound suggestive of a vocal utterance; "the noisy voice of the waterfall"; "the incessant voices of the artillery"
something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression; "the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it"
the ability to speak; "he lost his voice"
utter with vibrating vocal chords (同)sound, vocalize, vocalise
produced with vibration of the vocal cords; "a frequently voiced opinion"; "voiced consonants such as `b and `g and `z"; (同)sonant, soft
the act of adjusting an organ pipe (or wind instrument) so that it conforms to the standards of tone and pitch and color
wandering freely; "at night in bed...his slowly ranging thoughts...encountered her"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《時にa~》(価格・気温などの変動の)『幅』 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(知覚・知識などの)『範囲』,広がり / 〈U〉《時にa~》(銃砲・ミサイルなどの)着弾距離,射程 / 〈U〉《時a~》(航空機・船舶などの)航続距離 / 〈C〉(銃砲の)射撃場,(ミサイルナドの)試射場 / 〈C〉《米》放牧地域 / 〈C〉(山などの)列,連なり / 〈C〉(料理用の)レンジ / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》(動植物の)生息(分布)区域 / 《副詞句を伴って》(価格・気温などがある範囲内で)『変動する』,動く / (…を)さまよう,歩き回る,(…に)及ぶ《+『over』(『through』)+『名』》 / 一列(一直線)に延びている / (動植物が)分布している / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある状態に)…‘を'『並べて置く』,配列する,整列させる / …‘を'さまよう,歩き回る(受動態にできない) / 《米》〈家畜〉‘を'放牧地に入れる
〈U〉(人間の)『声』 / 〈U〉声を出す力,物を言う力 / 〈C〉〈U〉声の質,声の状態(調子) / 〈C〉(人の声を思わせる)(…の)音《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(人の声にたとえた)(…の)音《+of+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉『発言権』,選択権,投票権 / 〈U〉表現,表明;意見 / 〈C〉(声楽の)声 / 〈C〉(文法で)態 / 〈気持ちなど〉‘を'言い表す,口に出す / 〈音〉‘を'有声音で発音する
言い表された,口に出された / 有声音の,有声の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/13 15:10:42」(JST)

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Vocal range is the measure of the breadth of pitches that a human voice can phonate. Although the study of vocal range has little practical application in terms of speech, it is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech and language pathology, particularly in relation to the study of tonal languages and certain types of vocal disorders. However, the most common application of the term "vocal range" is within the context of singing, where it is used as one of the major defining characteristics for classifying singing voices into groups known as voice types.^[1]

Singing and the definition of vocal range[edit]

While the broadest definition of vocal range is simply the span from the lowest to the highest note a particular voice can produce, this broad definition is often not what is meant when "vocal range" is discussed in the context of singing. Vocal pedagogists tend to define the vocal range as the total span of "musically useful" pitches that a singer can produce. This is because some of the notes a voice can produce may not be considered usable by the singer within performance for various reasons.^[2] For example, within opera all singers must project over an orchestra without the aid of a microphone. An opera singer would therefore only be able to include the notes that they are able to adequately project over an orchestra within his or her vocal range. In contrast, a pop artist could include notes that could be heard with the aid of a microphone.

Another factor to consider is the use of different forms of vocal production. The human voice is capable of producing sounds using different physiological processes within the larynx. These different forms of voice production are known as vocal registers. While the exact number and definition of vocal registers is a controversial topic within the field of singing, the sciences identify only four registers: the whistle register, the falsetto register, the modal register, and the vocal fry register. Typically, only the usable range of the modal register, the register used in normal speech and most singing, is used when determining vocal range. However, there are some instances where other vocal registers are included.^[1] For example, within opera, countertenors utilize falsetto often and coloratura sopranos utilize the whistle register frequently. These voice types would therefore include the notes from these other registers within their vocal range. Another example would be a male doo-wop singer who might quite regularly deploy his falsetto pitches in performance and thus include them in determining his range. However, in most cases only the usable pitches within the modal register are included when determining a singer's vocal range.^[2]

Vocal range and voice classification[edit]

Main article: Voice type

Vocal range plays such an important role in classifying singing voices into voice types that sometimes the two terms are confused with one another. A voice type is a particular kind of human singing voice perceived as having certain identifying qualities or characteristics; vocal range being only one of those characteristics. Other factors are vocal weight, vocal tessitura, vocal timbre, vocal transition points, physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and vocal registration. All of these factors combined are used to categorize a singer's voice into a particular kind of singing voice or voice type.^[3]

There are a plethora of different voice types used by vocal pedagogists today in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are sub-types that fall under seven different major voice categories that are for the most part acknowledged across all of the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three main groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four main groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, and bass. When considering the pre-pubescent voices of children an eighth term, treble, can be applied. Within each of these major categories there are several sub-categories that identify specific vocal qualities like coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices.^[1]

Vocal range itself can not determine a singer's voice type. While each voice type does have a general vocal range associated with it, human singing voices may possess vocal ranges that encompass more than one voice type or are in between the typical ranges of two voice types. Therefore, voice teachers only use vocal range as one factor in classifying a singer's voice.^[2] More important than range in voice classification is tessitura, or where the voice is most comfortable singing, and vocal timbre, or the characteristic sound of the singing voice.^[1] For example, a female singer may have a vocal range that encompasses the high notes of a mezzo-soprano and the low notes of a soprano. A voice teacher would therefore look to see whether or not the singer were more comfortable singing up higher or singing lower. If the singer were more comfortable singing higher, then the teacher would probably classify her as a soprano and if the singer were more comfortable singing lower, then they would probably classify her as a mezzo-soprano. The teacher would also listen to the sound of the voice. Sopranos tend to have a lighter and less rich vocal sound than a mezzo-soprano. A voice teacher, however, would never classify a singer in more than one voice type, regardless of the size of their vocal range.^[2]

The following are the general vocal ranges associated with each voice type using scientific pitch notation where middle C=C4. Some singers within these voice types may be able to sing somewhat higher or lower^[1]:

Soprano: C4 – C6
Mezzo-soprano: A3 – A5
Contralto: F3 – F5
Tenor: C3 – C5
Baritone: F2 – F4
Bass: E2 – E4

In terms of frequency, human voices are roughly in the range of 80 Hz to 1100 Hz (that is, E₂ to C₆) for normal male and female voices together.

World records and extremes of vocal range[edit]

The following facts about female and male ranges are known:

Guinness lists the highest demanded note in the classical repertoire as G6 in "Popoli di Tessaglia", K. 316,^[4] a concert aria by W. A. Mozart, composed for Aloysia Weber.^[5] Though pitch standards were not fixed in the eighteenth century, this rare note is also heard in the opera Esclarmonde by Jules Massenet and Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach.^{[citation needed]} The highest note commonly called for is F6, famously heard in the Queen of the Night's two arias "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" and "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn" in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte.

Several little-known works call for pitches higher than G6. For example, the soprano Mado Robin, who was known for her exceptionally high voice, sang a number of compositions created especially to exploit her highest notes, reaching C7.^[6] Robin also added a number of her top notes to other arias;^[7] when she sang "Spargi d'amaro pianto" (Lucia di Lammermoor), for example, she would use B♭6 as the penultimate note, rather than B♭5 as written.^{[citation needed]}

Lowest note in a solo: Guinness lists the lowest demanded note in the classical repertoire as D2^[4] (almost two octaves below Middle C) in Osmin's second aria in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail. Although Osmin's note is the lowest 'demanded' in the operatic repertoire, lower notes are frequently heard, both written and unwritten, and it is traditional for basses to interpolate a low C2 in the duet "Ich gehe doch rate ich dir" in the same opera. Leonard Bernstein composed an optional B1 (a minor third below D2) in a bass aria^{[not specific enough to verify]} in the opera house version of Candide. In a Russian piece combining solo and choral singing, Pavel Chesnokov directs the bass soloist in "Do not deny me in my old age" to descend even lower, to G1, depending on the arrangement. In the symphonic repertoire, the bass soloist in Mahler's Eighth Symphony is asked to sing a C♯2.
Lowest note for a choir: Mahler's Resurrection Symphony and Eighth Symphony (bar 1457 in the "Chorus mysticus") and Rachmaninoff's Vespers require B♭1. Frederik Magle's symphonic suite Cantabile and Zoltán Kodály's Psalmus hungaricus both require A1. In Russian choirs the oktavists traditionally sing an octave below the bass part, down to G1. Kheruvimskaya pesn (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki includes a written F1 in its last chord, though the note itself is seldom performed.

German-born singer Ivan Rebroff is credited with producing an A♭1.^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e McKinney, James (1994). The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. ISBN 978-1-56593-940-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Appelman, D. Ralph (1986). The Science of Vocal Pedagogy: Theory and Application. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20378-6.
^ Shewan, Robert (January/February 1979). "Voice Classification: An Examination of Methodology". The NATS Bulletin 35: 17–27.
^ ^a ^b Guinness Book of Records, 2006 edition
^ Schirmer's Library of Musical Classics, Vol. 1751, introduction. The G6 can be seen on p. 72
^ Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (edited by Harold Rosenthal)^{[full citation needed]}
^ Mado Robin: "Sovra il sen" (from "Care compagne ... Come per me serena" on YouTube, from La sonnambula

External links[edit]

A history of vocal definition
Accurate average vocal ranges
Singing Voice
National Center for Voice and Speech's official website
The Voice Foundation's official website

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