upper arm

• n.

• 上腕

関

brachial、brachium

WordNet

1. (biology) a branching or armlike part of an animal
2. of or relating to an arm; "brachial artery"
3. any projection that is thought to resemble a human arm; "the arm of the record player"; "an arm of the sea"; "a branch of the sewer" (同)branch, limb
4. the part of an armchair or sofa that supports the elbow and forearm of a seated person
5. supply with arms; "The U.S. armed the freedom fighters in Afghanistan"
6. a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb
7. prepare oneself for a military confrontation; "The U.S. is girding for a conflict in the Middle East"; "troops are building up on the Iraqi border" (同)build_up, fortify, gird
8. the topmost one of two
9. piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles"
10. higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories"
11. superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class"
12. having arms or arms as specified; used especially in combination; "the many-armed goddess Shiva"
13. (used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms; "armed robbery"
14. (used of plants and animals) furnished with bristles and thorns
15. the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war (同)armament, equipping

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (人・猿の)『腕』;(四つ足の動物の前肢の)腕(手首から肩までの間;手はhand) / 腕のような物;(特に)いすのひじ掛け,樹の大枝
2. 〈C〉《通例複数形で》『武器』,『兵器』 / 〈C〉(特別な行動をする)部局,支部,支局 / (また『coat of arms』)〈C〉《通列複数形で》(国・会社・学校・家の)紋章 / (…で)…'を'『武装させる』《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (必要・有用なもので)〈人〉'を'防備させる,堅固にする《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)武装して備える,武装する《+『for(『against』)+『名』》 / (…で)防備する,身を固める《+『with』+『名』》
3. (場所・位置が)『上のほうの』,上部の / 『上級の』,上位の / 奥地の,上流の / 靴の甲皮(こうがわ)(かかとより上の部分) / 覚醒剤（これの反意語はdowner：鎮静剤）
4. 武装した / (ある目的のために)用意した
5. are (面積の単位)の変形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/06 00:53:55」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the upper part of the human limb. For other uses, see Arm (disambiguation).

"Broken arm" redirects here. See also fracture.

Arm
The human arm (latin terminology)
Cross-section through the upper arm (left) and fore-arm (right) latin terminology
Details
Latin	Brachium
Artery	Axillary artery
Vein	Axillary vein
Nerve	Brachial plexus
Identifiers
MeSH	D001132
TA	A01.1.00.022
FMA	FMA:24890
Anatomical terminology

In human anatomy, the arm is the upper limb of the body, comprising regions between the shoulder and the elbow joints. In common usage the arm extends to the hand. It can be divided into the upper arm brachium, the forearm antebrachium, and the hand manus. Anatomically the shoulder girdle with bones and corresponding muscles is per definition a part of the arm. The Latin term brachium may refer to both the arm as a whole or to the upper arm on its own.

Structure of the arm

Bones

Bones of the upper limbs, together with shoulder girdles together comprising the human arm.

The humerus is the bone of the arm. It joins with the scapula above in the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint and with the ulna and radius below at the elbow. The elbow joint is the hinge joint between the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and ulna. The humerus cannot be broken easily. Its strength allows it to handle loading up to 300 pounds (140 kg).

Muscles

The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments: the anterior and the posterior compartments of the arm. The fascia merges with the periosteum (outer bone layer) of the humerus. The compartments contain muscles which are innervated by the same nerve and perform the same action.

Two other muscles are considered to be partially in the arm:

• The large deltoid muscle is considered to have part of its body in the anterior compartment. This muscle is the main abductor muscle of the upper limb and extends over the shoulder.
• The brachioradialis muscle originates in the arm but inserts into the forearm. This muscle is responsible for rotating the hand so its palm faces forward (supination).

Innervation

Cutaneous innervation of the right upper extremity.

The musculocutaneous nerve, from C5, C6, C7, is the main supplier of muscles of the anterior compartment. It originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus of nerves. It pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and gives off branches to the muscle, as well as to brachialis and biceps brachii. It terminates as the anterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

The radial nerve, which is from the fifth cervical spinal nerve to the first thoracic spinal nerve, originates as the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve enters the lower triangular space (an imaginary space bounded by, amongst others, the shaft of the humerus and the triceps brachii) of the arm and lies deep to the triceps brachii. Here it travels with a deep artery of the arm (the profunda brachii), which sits in the radial groove of the humerus. This fact is very important clinically as a fracture of the bone at the shaft of the bone here can cause lesions or even transections in the nerve.

Other nerves passing through give no supply to the arm. These include:

• The median nerve, nerve origin C5-T1, which is a branch of the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus. This nerve continues in the arm, travelling in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the cubital fossa, this nerve is deep to the pronator teres muscle and is the most medial structure in the fossa. The nerve passes into the forearm.
• The ulnar nerve, origin C8-T1, is a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve passes in the same plane as the median nerve, between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the elbow, this nerve travels posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. This means that condylar fractures can cause lesion to this nerve.

Blood supply

Main arteries of the arm.

The main artery in the arm is the brachial artery. This artery is a continuation of the axillary artery. The point at which the axillary becomes the brachial is distal to the lower border of teres major. The brachial artery gives off an important branch, the profunda brachii (deep artery of the arm). This branching occurs just below the lower border of teres major.

The brachial artery continues to the cubital fossa in the anterior compartment of the arm. It travels in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles, the same as the median nerve and basilic vein. It is accompanied by venae comitantes (accompanying veins). It gives branches to the muscles of the anterior compartment. The artery is in between the median nerve and the tendon of the biceps muscle in the cubital fossa. It then continues into the forearm.

The profunda brachii travels through the lower triangular space with the radial nerve. From here onwards it has an intimate relationship with the radial nerve. They are both found deep to the triceps muscle and are located on the spiral groove of the humerus. Therefore fracture of the bone may not only lead to lesion of the radial nerve, but also haematoma of the internal structures of the arm. The artery then continues on to anastamose with the recurrent radial branch of the brachial artery, providing a diffuse blood supply for the elbow joint.

Veins

The veins of the arm carry blood from the extremities of the limb, as well as drain the arm itself. The two main veins are the basilic and the cephalic veins. There is a connecting vein between the two, the median cubital vein, which passes through the cubital fossa and is clinically important for venepuncture (withdrawing blood).

The basilic vein travels on the medial side of the arm and terminates at the level of the seventh rib.

The cephalic vein travels on the lateral side of the arm and terminates as the axillary vein. It passes through the deltopectoral triangle, a space between the deltoid and the pectoralis major muscles.

Clinical relevance

The cubital fossa (colloquially known as the elbow pit) is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement.

In animals

In other animals, the term arm can also be used for analogous structures, (such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods). In anatomical usage, the term arm may sometimes refer specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow, while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. This article uses the former definition; see upper limb for the wider definition.

In primates the arm is adapted for precise positioning of the hand and thus assist in the hand's manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the structure of the two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at that level.

Additional images

• Cross-section through the middle of upper arm.

• The human arm (with a small scar)

References

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see anatomical terminology.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 上肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of upper extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
• 2. 上肢末梢動脈疾患の概要 overview of upper extremity peripheral artery disease
• 3. 腕を動かさない小児の評価 evaluation of the immobile arm in children
• 4. 小児における前腕骨遠位端部骨折の徒手整復およびギプス固定 closed reduction and casting of distal forearm fractures in children
• 5. 原発性（特発性）上肢深部静脈血栓症 primary spontaneous upper extremity deep vein thrombosis

English Journal

• Cost-efficient measurement strategies for posture observations based on video recordings.

• Mathiassen SE, Liv P, Wahlström J.SourceCentre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-80176 Gävle, Sweden. Electronic address: svenderik.mathiassen@hig.se.
• Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2013 Jul;44(4):609-17. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.12.003. Epub 2013 Jan 18.
• Assessment of working postures by observation is a common practice in ergonomics. The present study investigated whether monetary resources invested in a video-based posture observation study should preferably be spent in collecting many video recordings of the work and have them observed once by on
• PMID 23333111

• The control of the complement lectin pathway activation revisited: Both C1-inhibitor and antithrombin are likely physiological inhibitors, while α2-macroglobulin is not.

• Paréj K, Dobó J, Závodszky P, Gál P.SourceInstitute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina út 29, Budapest H-1113, Hungary.
• Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Jul;54(3-4):415-22. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.01.009. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
• The lectin pathway of complement is an important effector arm of innate immunity. It forms a first line of defense against invading pathogens and dangerously altered self structures. Pattern recognition molecules (mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins) bind to the dangerous particles, which is foll
• PMID 23399388

• Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) and electrosensibility (ES) - Are they connected?

• Köteles F, Szemerszky R, Gubányi M, Körmendi J, Szekrényesi C, Lloyd R, Molnár L, Drozdovszky O, Bárdos G.SourceInstitute for Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: fecuska@gmail.com.
• International journal of hygiene and environmental health.Int J Hyg Environ Health.2013 Jun;216(3):362-70. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.007. Epub 2012 Jun 13.
• INTRODUCTION: The tendency of experiencing unpleasant symptoms in the proximity of working electric devices is called idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF). Evidence about psychophysiological backgrounds of the phenomenon (i.e., detection ability and mec
• PMID 22698789

Japanese Journal

• 把持物体との接触を考慮した筋電義手のためのリアルタイムモーションシミュレータの構築 (MEとバイオサイバネティックス)

• 猪平 栄一,末松 崇志,木村 祐太
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 113(499), 59-62, 2014-03-17
• NAID 40020044627

• ゲーム性を持たせた片麻痺リハビリシステムの提案 (福祉情報工学)

• 守谷 真人,橋野 賢,酒井 弘美
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 113(481), 55-60, 2014-03-07
• NAID 40020044273

• 大学アメリカンフットボール選手におけるスポーツ障害と外傷発生の分析

• 榎木 泰介,今井 唯,山中 にな子
• 大阪教育大学紀要　第Ⅲ部門　自然科学・応用科学 62(2), 49-55, 2014-02-28
• … The case reports were divided into 7 groups according to following body sites, 1） head and neck, 2） body trunk（abdomen, lib and back）, 3） shoulder joint, 4） arm, hand and finger, 5） femoral region, 6） knee joint, 7） lower leg and foot. … In the M group, the upper grades（senior and junior）showed a significant higher injury rate than lower grade（junior and freshmen）. …
• NAID 120005400143

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「brachium」「brachial」
拡張検索	「upper arm bone」
関連記事	「arm」「upper」

「brachium」

　　[★]

• n.

• 上腕

関

brachial、upper arm

　

「brachial」

　　[★]

• 上腕の

関

brachium、upper arm

　

「upper arm bone」

　　[★]

• 上腕骨

関

humeral、humerus

「arm」

　　[★]

• n.

• 腕、アーム、備える、武装させる

関

equip、furnish、upper extremity

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「upper」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 上部の

関

upper part