See also: Xanthelasma
| Xanthoma |
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Photograph of patient's knee showing multiple xanthoma tuberosum [1]
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| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
E78.2 (ILDS E78.280), K13.4 |
| ICD-9 |
272.2 |
| DiseasesDB |
28524 |
| MedlinePlus |
001447 |
| eMedicine |
derm/461 |
| MeSH |
D014973 |
A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis), from Greek xanthos, ξανθος, "yellow", is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states.[2] They are cutaneous manifestations of lipidosis in which lipids accumulate in large foam cells within the skin.[2] They are associated with hyperlipidemias, both primary and secondary types.
Tendon xanthomas are associated with type II hyperlipidemia, chronic biliary tract obstruction, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Palmar xanthomata and tuboeruptive xanthomata (over knees and elbows) occur in type III hyperlipidemia.
Contents
- 1 Types
- 1.1 Xanthelasma
- 1.2 Xanthoma tuberosum
- 1.3 Xanthoma tendinosum
- 1.4 Eruptive xanthoma
- 1.5 Xanthoma planum
- 1.6 Palmar xanthoma
- 1.7 Tuberoeruptive xanthoma
- 1.8 Other types
- 2 See also
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Types
Xanthelasma
Main article: Xanthelasma
Histology picture of xanthoma showing lipid-laden foam cells with large areas of cholesterol clefts, 10 × magnification, eosin and hematoxilin stain
[3]
A xanthelasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids. Strictly, a xanthelasma is a distinct condition, only being called a xanthoma when becoming larger and nodular, assuming tumorous proportions.[4] Still, it is often classified simply as a subtype of xanthoma.[5]
Xanthoma tuberosum
Xanthoma tuberosum (also known as tuberous xanthoma) is characterized by xanthomas located over the joints.[2]:530
Xanthoma tendinosum
Xanthoma tendinosum (also tendon xanthoma or tendinous xanthoma[6]) is clinically characterized by papules and nodules found in the tendons of the hands, feet, and heel.[2]:531 Also associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).[7]
Eruptive xanthoma
Eruptive xanthoma (ILDS E78.220) is clinically characterized by small, yellowish-orange to reddish-brown papules that appear all over the body.[2]:531 It tends to be associated with elevated triglycerides [8]
Xanthoma planum
Xanthoma planum (ILDS D76.370), also known as plane xanthoma, is clinically characterized by macules and plaques spread diffusely over large areas of the body.[2]:531
Palmar xanthoma
Palmar xanthoma is clinically characterized by yellowish plaques that involve the palms and flexural surfaces of the fingers.[2]:531 Plane xanthomas are characterised by yellowish to orange, flat macules or slightly elevated plaques, often with a central white area which may be localised or generalised. They often arise in the skin folds, especially the palmar creases. They occur in hyperlipoproteinaemia type III and type IIA, and in association with biliary cirrhosis. The presence of palmar xanthomata, like the presence of tendinous xanthomata, is indicative of hypercholesterolaemia.
Tuberoeruptive xanthoma
Tuberoeruptive xanthoma (ILDS E78.210) is clinically characterized by red papules and nodules that appear inflamed and tend to coalesce.[2]:532 Tuberous xanthomata are considered similar, and within the same disease spectrum as eruptive xanthomata.[6]
Other types
Other types of xanthoma identified in the Medical Dictionary include:[9]
- eruptive x.: usually appearing on the back and buttocks, or the extensors of knees and elbows of hyperlipemic individuals, it is the sudden appearance of groups of yellowish-brown papules surrounded by an erythematous halo.
- x. diabeticorum: a type of eruptive xanthoma, often with severe diabetes.
- x. disseminatum: a rare xanthoma, consisting of non-X histiocytes on flexural surfaces, associated with diabetes insipidus.
- x. planum: yellow bands or rectangular plates in the corium.
- verrucous x.: aka histocytosis Y, a papilloma of the oral mucosa and skin, whereby the connective tissue under the epithelium contains histiocytes.
See also
- Xanthelasma
- List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes
References
- ^ Kumar et al. Cases Journal 2008
- ^ a b c d e f g h James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Kumar et al. Cases Journal 2008
- ^ Shields, Carol; Shields, Jerry (2008). Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7578-7.
- ^ thefreedictionary.com > xanthelasma Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007, 2004 and Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
- ^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 1415–16. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ^ Van Den Bosch, Harrie C.M.; van den Bosch, Harrie C.M. and D. Vos, Louwerens (May 28, 1998). "Achilles'-Tendon Xanthoma in Familial Hypercholesterolemia". New England Journal of Medicine 338 (22): 1591. doi:10.1056/NEJM199805283382205. PMID 9603797. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030216/
- ^ "Xanthoma". Medical Dictionary - Dictionary of Medicine and Human Biology. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
External links
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Look up xanthoma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Media related to xanthoma at Wikimedia Commons
- 194641940 at GPnotebook
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Xanthoma
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Inborn error of lipid metabolism: dyslipidemia (E78, 272.0–272.6)
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| Hyperlipidemia |
- Hypercholesterolemia/Hypertriglyceridemia
- Lipoprotein lipase deficiency/Type Ia
- Familial apoprotein CII deficiency/Type Ib
- Familial hypercholesterolemia/Type IIa
- Combined hyperlipidemia/Type IIb
- Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia/Type III
- Familial hypertriglyceridemia/Type IV
- Xanthoma/Xanthomatosis
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| Hypolipoproteinemia |
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Hypoalphalipoproteinemia/HDL
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- Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
- Tangier disease
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Hypobetalipoproteinemia/LDL
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- Abetalipoproteinemia
- Apolipoprotein B deficiency
- Chylomicron retention disease
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| Lipodystrophy |
- Barraquer–Simons syndrome
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| Other |
- Lipomatosis
- Adiposis dolorosa
- Lipoid proteinosis
- APOA1 familial renal amyloidosis
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Index of inborn errors of metabolism
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| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- nucleotide
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| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
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