tuberous

adj.

塊茎状の

WordNet

of or relating to or resembling a tuber; "a tuberous root"
any of numerous hybrid begonias having tuberous roots and variously colored flowers (同)Begonia tuberhybrida
any of numerous begonias having large tuberous roots
plant growing from a tuber
partly tuberous

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こぶのある,結節だらけの / 塊茎[状]の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/01 19:16:03」(JST)

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For fungal genus, see Truffle. For the community in California, see Tuber, California.

Tuber is Latin for "swelling", as also used for benign tumours such as in tuberous sclerosis

Oca tubers

Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months, to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction.^[1] There are both stem and root tubers.

Stem tubers[edit]

A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the under sides produce roots. They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. The below-ground stem tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant. The offspring or new tubers, are attached to a parent tuber or form at the end of a hypogeogenous rhizome. In the autumn the plant dies except for the new offspring stem tubers which have one dominant bud, which in spring regrows a new shoot producing stems and leaves, in summer the tubers decay and new tubers begin to grow. Some plants also form smaller tubers and/or tubercules which act like seeds, producing small plants that resemble (in morphology and size) seedlings. Some stem tubers are long lived such as those of tuberous begonia but many tuberous plants have tubers that survive only until the plants have fully leafed out, at which point the tuber is reduced to a shriveled up husk.

Stem tubers generally start off as enlargements of the hypocotyl section of a seedling but also sometimes include the first node or two of the epicotyl and the upper section of the root. The stem tuber has a vertical orientation with one or a few vegetative buds on the top and fibrous roots produced on the bottom from a basal section, typically the stem tuber has an oblong rounded shape.

Tuberous begonia and Cyclamen are commonly grown stem tubers. Mignonette vine (Anredera cordifolia) produces aerial stem tubers on 12-to-25-foot-tall (3.7 to 7.6 m) vines, the tubers fall to the ground and grow. Plectranthus esculentus of the mint family Lamiaceae, produces tuberous under ground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to 1.8 kg per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers.^[2]

Potatoes[edit]

Main article: Potato

Potatoes are stem tubers, which are the development of enlarged stolons thickened into a storage organ.^[3]^[4]^[5]

The tuber has all the parts of a normal stem, including nodes and internodes, the nodes are the eyes and each has a leaf scar. The nodes or eyes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral fashion beginning on the end opposite the attachment point to the stolon. The terminal bud is produced at the farthest point away from the stolon attachment and tubers thus shows the same apical dominance as a normal stem. Internally a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged parenchyma like cells; also internally the tuber has the typical cell structures of any stem, including a pith, vascular zones and a cortex.

The tuber is produced in one growing season and used to perennialize the plant and as a means of propagation. When fall comes the above ground structure of the plant dies but the tubers survive over winter under ground until spring, when they regenerate new shoots which use the stored food in the tuber to grow. As the main shoot develops from the tuber, the base of the shoot close to the tuber produces adventitious roots and lateral buds on the shoot. The shoot also produces stolons that are long etiolated stems. The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high auxins levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon. Before new tuber formation begins the stolon must be a certain age. The enzyme lipoxygenase makes a hormone, jasmonic acid, which is involved in the control of potato tuber development.

The stolons are easily recognized when potato plants are grown from seed, as the plants grow, stolons are produced around the soil surface from the nodes. The tubers form close to the soil surface and sometimes even on top of the ground. When potatoes are cultivated, the tubers are cut into pieces and planted much deeper into the soil. By planting the pieces deeper there is more area for the plants to generate the tubers and their size increases. The pieces sprout shoots that grow to the surface, these shoots are rhizome like and generate short stolons from the nodes while in the ground. When the shoots reach the soil surface they produce roots and shoots that grow into the green plant.

Root tubers[edit]

Freshly dug sweet potato plants with tubers.

A tuberous root or storage root, is a modified lateral root, enlarged to function as a storage organ. The enlarged area of the root-tuber, or storage root, can be produced at the end or middle of a root or involve the entire root. It is thus different in origin but similar in function and appearance to a stem tuber. Examples of plants with notable tuberous roots include the sweet potato, cassava, yam and dahlia.

Root tubers are perennating organs, thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant cannot actively grow, thus permitting survival from one year to the next. The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas), have the internal and external cell and tissue structures of a normal root, they produce adventitious roots and stems which again produce adventitious roots.^[6]

In root-tubers, there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves. Root tubers have one end called the proximal end, which is the end that was attached to the old plant; this end has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage.^[7] The other end of the root tuber is called the distal end, and it normally produces unmodified roots. In stem tubers the order is reversed, with the distal end producing stems. Tuberous roots are biennial in duration: the first year the plant produces root-tubers, and at the end of the growing season, the plant shoots often die, leaving the newly generated tubers. The next growing season, the root-tubers produce new shoots. As the shoots of the new plant grow, the stored reserves of the root-tuber are consumed in the production of new roots, stems, and reproductive organs; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant's regeneration of next generation of root-tubers.

Hemerocallis fulva plus a number of Daylily hybrids have large root-tubers, H. fulva spreads by underground stolons^[8] that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick root tubers and then send out more stolons.^[9]^[10]

Root tubers, along with other storage tissues that plants produce, are consumed by animals as a rich source of nutrients. The root-tubers of Arrowhead plants of the genus Sagittaria are eaten by ducks.^[11]

Plants with root tubers are propagated in late summer to late winter by digging up the tubers and separating them, making sure that each piece has some crown tissue for replanting.

References[edit]

^ Rooting cuttings of tropical trees, London: Commonwealth Science Council, 1993, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-85092-394-0
^ Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers Author(s) ALLEMANN J. ; ROBBERTSE P. J. ; HAMMES P. S. ;
^ Potato Genome Project
^ Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons [1] and tubers per potato plant Journal Potato Research. Springer Netherlands ISSN 0014-3065 (Print) 1871-4528 (Online)Issue Volume 33, Number 2 / June, 1990
^ http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm
^ Davis, Edited by Tim D.; Haissig, Bruce E. (1994), Biology of adventitious root formation, New York: Plenum Press, p. 17, ISBN 0-306-44627-8
^ Kyte, Lydiane; Kleyn, John (1996), Plants from test tubes : an introduction to micropropagation, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, pp. 23–24, ISBN 0-88192-361-3
^ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027676
^ Mansfeld, Rudolf (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops, Berlin: Springe, p. 2231, ISBN 3-540-41017-1
^ http://sain.utk.edu/invasives/species32.shtml
^ Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004), Connecticut wildlife : biodiversity, natural history, and conservation, Hanover: University Press of New England, p. 89, ISBN 1-58465-369-8
^ Davis, P.H.; Cullen, J. (1979), The identification of flowering plant families, including a key to those native and cultivated in north temperate regions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 102, ISBN 0-521-29359-6

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tubers.

Cook's Thesaurus has a good inventory of tuber varieties.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 結節性硬化症：遺伝学、臨床的特徴、および診断 tuberous sclerosis complex genetics clinical features and diagnosis
2. 結節性硬化症：管理 tuberous sclerosis complex management
3. 結節性硬化症の腎症状 renal manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex
4. 腎血管筋脂肪腫 renal angiomyolipomas
5. 遺伝性腎癌症候群 hereditary kidney cancer syndromes

English Journal

Neuroimaging of neurocutaneous diseases.

Nandigam K, Mechtler LL, Smirniotopoulos JG.Author information Neurology and Stroke Associates, 640 E Oregon Rd, Lititz, Lancaster, PA, USA; Dent Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA. Electronic address: Kaveer@gmail.com.AbstractAn in-depth knowledge of the imaging characteristics of the common neurocutaneous diseases (NCD) described in this article will help neurologists understand the screening imaging modalities in these patients. The future of neuroimaging is geared towards developing and refining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. The detection of tumors in NCD has greatly improved with availability of high-field strength 3T MRI machines. Neuroimaging will remain at the heart and soul of the multidisciplinary care of such complex diagnoses to guide early detection and monitor treatment.
Neurologic clinics.Neurol Clin.2014 Feb;32(1):159-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2013.07.003.
An in-depth knowledge of the imaging characteristics of the common neurocutaneous diseases (NCD) described in this article will help neurologists understand the screening imaging modalities in these patients. The future of neuroimaging is geared towards developing and refining magnetic resonance ima
PMID 24287389

Screening for possible miRNA-mRNA associations in a colon cancer cell line.

Kanematsu S, Tanimoto K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S.Author information Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs mediating the regulation of gene expression in various biological contexts, including carcinogenesis. Here, we screened putative associations between 34, 45, and 103 miRNAs and 164, 391, and 81 mRNAs via Argonaute1 (Ago1) or Ago2 immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments in a colon cancer cell line. We used a combination of RIP Seq analysis. RNAs that were co-immunoprecipitated with Ago1 or Ago2 were used for massively parallel small RNA and mRNA sequencing. The detected miRNAs and mRNAs were further associated with one another based on in silico target predictions. Analysis of the putative associations indicated that, although Ago1 and Ago2 shared a similar repertory of miRNAs, the mRNAs possibly regulated by those miRNAs seemed different. The mRNAs detected with Ago1 IP were indicated to be frequently associated with genes having constitutive cellular functions, regulated by a smaller number of miRNAs, and appeared to receive more stringent translational regulation. In contrast, putative miRNA-mRNA associations detected with Ago2 IP appeared to be related to signal transduction genes, which had a larger number of possible miRNA binding sites. We then conducted a similar analysis using the colon cancer cells cultured under hypoxia and identified potential hypoxia-induced miRNA-mRNA associations, which included several well-characterized cancer-related genes as novel putative miRNA targets.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jan 10;533(2):520-31. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.005. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs mediating the regulation of gene expression in various biological contexts, including carcinogenesis. Here, we screened putative associations between 34, 45, and 103 miRNAs and 164, 391, and 81 mRNAs via Argonaute1 (Ago1) or Ago2 immunoprecipitation (IP)
PMID 23939471

MicroRNA-451 regulates AMPK/mTORC1 signaling and fascin1 expression in HT-29 colorectal cancer.

Chen MB, Wei MX, Han JY, Wu XY, Li C, Wang J, Shen W, Lu PH.Author information Department of Medical Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin Road, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China.AbstractThe earlier studies have shown that Fascin1 (FSCN1), the actin bundling protein, is over-expressed in colorectal cancers, and is associated with cancer cell progression. Here, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating FSCN1 expression by focusing on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and its regulator microRNA-451. We found that microRNA-451 was over-expressed in multiple colorectal cancer tissues, and its expression was correlated with mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and FSCN1 expression. In cultured colorectal cancer HT-29 cells, knockdown of FSCN1 by RNAi inhibited cell migration and proliferation. Activation of mTORC1 was required for FSCN1 expression, HT-29 cell migration and proliferation, as RAD001 and rapamycin, two mTORC1 inhibitors, suppressed FSCN1 expression, HT-29 cell migration and proliferation. Meanwhile, forced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the negative regulator of mTORC1, by its activators or by the genetic mutation, inhibited mTORC1 activation, FSCN1 expression, cell migration and proliferation. In HT-29 cells, we found that over-expression of microRNA-451 inhibited AMPK activation, causing mTORC1 over-activation and FSCN1 up-regulation, cells were with high migration ability and proliferation rate. Significantly, these effects by microRNA-451 were largely inhibited by mTORC1 inhibitors or the AMPK activator AICAR. On the other hand, knockdown of miRNA-451 by the treatment of HT-29 cells with miRNA-451 antagomir inhibited mTORC1 activation and FSCN1 expression. The proliferation and migration of HT-29 cells after miRNA-45 knockdown were also inhibited. Our results suggested that the over-expressed microRNA-451 in colon cancer cells might inhibit AMPK to activate mTORC1, which mediates FSCN1 expression and cancer cell progression.
Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2014 Jan;26(1):102-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.017. Epub 2013 Jul 27.
The earlier studies have shown that Fascin1 (FSCN1), the actin bundling protein, is over-expressed in colorectal cancers, and is associated with cancer cell progression. Here, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating FSCN1 expression by focusing on mammalian target of rapamycin (mT
PMID 23899558

Japanese Journal

ヤーコン塊根のフルクトオリゴ糖含量とフルクタン分解酵素に対する低温減圧貯蔵の影響

奈良井（金山）朝子,時田昇臣,船山敦子,麻生慶一
日本食品科学工学会誌 60(3), 148-152, 2013
ヤーコンの塊根にはプレバイオティクス素材として注目されるフルクトオリゴ糖（FOS）が豊富に含まれているが，貯蔵中に内在性酵素によって分解され，その含量が著しく減少する．収穫後の塊根を長期に FOS を保持した状態で貯蔵することが可能になれば，健康維持・増進に向けた有効活用につながる．そこで，細胞の代謝活性を低下できる低温減圧条件に FOS の分解・減少を抑制する効果があるか調べた．ヤーコン塊根を …
NAID 130003367987

頭部超音波検査で2つの結節パターンを認めた結節性硬化症の新生児例

木下恵司
Neurosonology:神経超音波医学 25(3), 143-147, 2013
… We report a neonatal case of tuberous sclerosis (TS) presenting two types of tubers on cranial ultrasound (US) images. …
NAID 130003366433

皮膚症状から高コレステロール血症IIa型が判明した結節性黄色腫の1例

尾藤三佳,益田浩司,竹中秀也,加藤則人
日本小児皮膚科学会雑誌 = Journal of pediatric dermatology 31(3), 189-192, 2012-10-31
NAID 10031130305

Related Pictures

[rooting_cuttings_of_tropical_trees-1] Rooting cuttings of tropical trees, London: Commonwealth Science Council, 1993, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-85092-394-0

[2] Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers Author(s) ALLEMANN J. ; ROBBERTSE P. J. ; HAMMES P. S. ;

[3] Potato Genome Project

[4] Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons [1] and tubers per potato plant Journal Potato Research. Springer Netherlands ISSN 0014-3065 (Print) 1871-4528 (Online)Issue Volume 33, Number 2 / June, 1990

[5] ttp://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm

[Davis1994-6] Davis, Edited by Tim D.; Haissig, Bruce E. (1994), Biology of adventitious root formation, New York: Plenum Press, p. 17, ISBN 0-306-44627-8

[Kyte1996-7] Kyte, Lydiane; Kleyn, John (1996), Plants from test tubes : an introduction to micropropagation, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, pp. 23–24, ISBN 0-88192-361-3

[8] ttp://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027676

[Mansfeld2001-9] Mansfeld, Rudolf (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops, Berlin: Springe, p. 2231, ISBN 3-540-41017-1

[10] ttp://sain.utk.edu/invasives/species32.shtml

[Hammerson2004-11] Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004), Connecticut wildlife : biodiversity, natural history, and conservation, Hanover: University Press of New England, p. 89, ISBN 1-58465-369-8

[Davis1979-12] Davis, P.H.; Cullen, J. (1979), The identification of flowering plant families, including a key to those native and cultivated in north temperate regions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 102, ISBN 0-521-29359-6

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