| triosephosphate isomerase |
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Side view of triose P isomerase monomer, active site at top center
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| Identifiers |
| EC number |
5.3.1.1 |
| CAS number |
9023-78-3 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
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Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI or TIM) is an enzyme (EC 5.3.1.1) that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the triose phosphate isomers dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
triose phosphate isomerase |
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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triose phosphate isomerase |
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Compound C00111 at KEGG Pathway Database.Enzyme 5.3.1.1 at KEGG Pathway Database.Compound C00118 at KEGG Pathway Database.
TPI plays an important role in glycolysis and is essential for efficient energy production. TPI has been found in nearly every organism searched for the enzyme, including animals such as mammals and insects as well as in fungi, plants, and bacteria. However, some bacteria that do not perform glycolysis, like ureaplasmas, lack TPI.
In humans, deficiencies in TPI are associated with a progressive, severe neurological disorder called triose phosphate isomerase deficiency. Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia. While there are various mutations that cause this disease, most include the mutation of glutamic acid at position 104 to aspartic acid.[1]
Triose phosphate isomerase is a highly efficient enzyme, performing the reaction billions of times faster than it would occur naturally in solution. The reaction is so efficient that it is said to be catalytically perfect: It is limited only by the rate the substrate can diffuse into and out of the enzyme's active site.[2][3]
Contents
- 1 Mechanism
- 2 Structure
- 3 See also
- 4 References
Mechanism
The mechanism involves the intermediate formation of an "enediol". The relative free energy of each ground state and transition state has been determined experimentally, and is displayed in the figure.[2]
The structure of TPI facilitates the conversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). The nucleophilic glutamate 165 residue of TPI deprotonates the substrate,[4] and the electrophilic histidine 95 residue donates a proton to form the enediol intermediate.[5][6] When deprotonated, the enediolate then collapses and, abstracting a proton from protonated glutamate 165, forms the GAP product. Catalysis of the reverse reaction proceeds analogously, forming the same enediol but with enediolate collapse from the oxygen at C2.[7]
TPI is diffusion-limited. In terms of thermodynamics, DHAP formation is favored 20:1 over GAP production.[8] However, in glycolysis, the use of GAP in the subsequent steps of metabolism drives the reaction toward its production. TPI is inhibited by sulfate, phosphate, and arsenate ions, which bind to the active site.[9] Other inhibitors include 2-phosphoglycolate, a transition state analog, and D-glycerol-1-phosphate, a substrate analog.[10]
Side view of triose phosphate isomerase dimer.
Structure
| Triosephosphate isomerase |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
TIM |
| Pfam |
PF00121 |
| Pfam clan |
CL0036 |
| InterPro |
IPR000652 |
| PROSITE |
PDOC00155 |
| SCOP |
1tph |
| SUPERFAMILY |
1tph |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
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Triose phosphate isomerase is a dimer of identical subunits, each of which is made up of about 250 amino acid residues. The three-dimensional structure of a subunit contains eight α-helices on the outside and eight parallel β-strands on the inside. In the illustration, the ribbon backbone of each subunit is colored in blue to red from N-terminus to C-terminus. This structural motif is called an αβ-barrel, or a TIM-barrel, and is by far the most commonly observed protein fold. The active site of this enzyme is in the center of the barrel. A glutamic acid residue and a histidine are involved in the catalytic mechanism. The sequence around the active site residues is conserved in all known triose phosphate isomerases.
The structure of triose phosphate isomerase contributes to its function. Besides the precisely placed glutamate and histidine residues to form the enediol, a ten- or eleven-amino acid chain of TPI acts as a loop to stabilize the intermediate. The loop, formed by residues 166 to 176, closes and forms a hydrogen bond to the phosphate group of the substrate. This action stabilizes the enediol intermediate and the other transition states on the reaction pathway.[7]
In addition to making the reaction kinetically feasible, the TPI loop sequesters the reactive enediol intermediate to prevent decomposition to methylglyoxal and inorganic phosphate. The hydrogen bond between the enzyme and the phosphate group of the substrate makes such decomposition stereoelectronically unfavorable.[7] Methylglyoxal is a toxin and, if formed, is removed through the glyoxalase system.[11] The loss of a high-energy phosphate bond and the substrate for the rest of glycolysis makes formation of methylglyoxal inefficient.
Studies suggest that a lysine close to the active site (at position 12) is also crucial for enzyme function. The lysine, protonated at physiological pH, may help neutralize the negative charge of the phosphate group. When this lysine is mutated to a neutral amino acid, TPI loses all function, but mutants with a different positively charged amino acid retain some function.[12]
See also
- TIM barrel
- Triose Phosphate Isomerase deficiency
- TPI1
- Triosephosphate isomerase in interactive 3D at Proteopedia
- Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) family in PROSITE
References
- ^ Orosz, F.; Oláh, J. (2008). "Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: facts and doubts". IUBMB Life. 58 (12): 703–715. doi:10.1080/15216540601115960. PMID 17424909.
- ^ a b Albery, W. J.; Knowles, J. R. (1976). "Free-Energy Profile for the Reaction Catalyzed by Triosephosphate Isomerase". Biochemistry. 15 (25): 5627–5631. doi:10.1021/bi00670a031. PMID 999838.
- ^ Rose, I.A.; Fung, W.J.; Warms, J.V.B. (1990). "Proton diffusion in the active site of triosephosphate isomerase". Biochemistry. 29 (18): 4312–4317. doi:10.1021/bi00470a008. PMID 2161683.
- ^ Alber, T.; Banner, D.W.; Wilson, I.A. (1981). "On the three-dimensional structure and catalytic mechanism of triose phosphate isomerase.". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 293 (1063): 159–171. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0069. PMID 6115415.
- ^ Nickbarg, E.B.; Davenport, R.C.; Knowles, J.R. (1988). "Triose Phosphate Isomerase: Removal of a Putatively Electrophilic Histidine Residue Results in a Subtle Change in Catalytic Mechanism.". Biochemistry. 27 (16): 5948–5960. doi:10.1021/bi00416a019. PMID 2847777.
- ^ Komives, E.A.; Chang, L.C.; Knowles, J.R. (1991). "Electrophilic Catalysis in Triosephosphate Isomerase: the Role of Histidine-95.". Biochemistry. 30 (12): 3011–3019. doi:10.1021/bi00226a005. PMID 2007138.
- ^ a b c Knowles, J.R. (1991). "Enzyme catalysis: not different, just better". Nature. 350 (6314): 121–124. doi:10.1038/350121a0. PMID 2005961.
- ^ Harris, T.K.; Cole, R.N.; Mildvan, A.S. (1998). "Proton Transfer in the Mechanism of Triosephosphate Isomerase.". Biochemistry. 37 (47): 16828–16838. doi:10.1021/bi982089f. PMID 9843453.
- ^ Lambeir, A.-M.; Opperdoes, F.R.; Wierenga, R.K. (1987). "Kinetic properties of triose-phosphate isomerase from Trypanosama brucei brucei". European Journal of Biochemistry. 168 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13388.x. PMID 3311744.
- ^ Lolis, E.; Petsko, G.A. (1990). "Crystallographic Analysis of the Complex between Triosephosphate Isomerase and 2-Phosphoglycolate at 2.5-Å Resolution: Implications for Catalysis". Biochemistry. 29 (28): 6619–6625. doi:10.1021/bi00480a010. PMID 2204418.
- ^ Creighton, D.J.; Hamilton, D.S. (2001). "Brief History of Glyoxalase I and What We Have Learned about Metal Ion-Dependent, Enzyme-Catalyzed Isomerizations.". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 387 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2253. PMID 11368170.
- ^ Lodi, P.J.; Chang, L.C.; Komives, E.A. (1990). "Triosephosphate Isomerase Requires a Positively Charged Active Site: The Role of Lysine-12.". Biochemistry. 33 (10): 2809–2814. doi:10.1021/bi00176a009. PMID 8130193.
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Glycolysis metabolic pathway |
| Glucose |
Hexokinase |
Glucose 6-phosphate |
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase |
Fructose 6-phosphate |
phosphofructokinase-1 |
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate |
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase |
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ATP |
ADP |
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ATP |
ADP |
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| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
Triosephosphate isomerase |
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate |
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NAD+ + Pi |
NADH + H+ |
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2 |
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2 |
| Phosphoglycerate kinase |
3-Phosphoglycerate |
Phosphoglycerate mutase |
2-Phosphoglycerate |
Phosphopyruvate hydratase(Enolase) |
Phosphoenolpyruvate |
Pyruvate kinase |
Pyruvate |
| ADP |
ATP |
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H2O |
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ADP |
ATP |
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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis enzymes
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| Glycolysis |
- Hexokinase (HK1, HK2, HK3, Glucokinase)→/Glucose 6-phosphatase←
- Glucose isomerase
- Phosphofructokinase 1 (Liver, Muscle, Platelet)→/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase←
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- Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Aldolase A, B, C)
- Triosephosphate isomerase
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- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Phosphoglycerate kinase
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate kinase (PKLR, PKM2)
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| Gluconeogenesis only |
| to oxaloacetate: |
- Pyruvate carboxylase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
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| from lactate (Cori cycle): |
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| from alanine (Alanine cycle): |
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| from glycerol: |
- Glycerol kinase
- Glycerol dehydrogenase
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| Regulatory |
- Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
- PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4
- Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
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Isomerases: intramolecular oxidoreductases (EC 5.3)
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| 5.3.1: Aldoses/Ketoses |
- Triosephosphate isomerase
- Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
- Mannose phosphate isomerase
- Glucose isomerase
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| 5.3.2: Keto/Enol |
- Phenylpyruvate tautomerase
- Oxaloacetate tautomerase
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| 5.3.3: C = C |
- Steroid D-isomerase
- Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
- Vinylacetyl-CoA D-isomerase
- Muconolactone D-isomerase
- Cholestenol Delta-isomerase (EBP)
- Methylitaconate D-isomerase
- Aconitate Delta-isomerase
- Enoyl CoA isomerase
- Prostaglandin-A1 Delta-isomerase
- 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate D-isomerase
- Isopiperitenone D-isomerase
- L-dopachrome isomerase
- Polyenoic fatty acid isomerase
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| 5.3.4: S-S |
- Protein disulfide-isomerase (PDIA3)
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| 5.3.99: other |
- Prostaglandin D2 synthase/Prostaglandin-D synthase
- Prostaglandin E synthase
- Prostacyclin synthase
- Thromboxane-A synthase
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Enzymes
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| Activity |
- Active site
- Binding site
- Catalytic triad
- Oxyanion hole
- Enzyme promiscuity
- Catalytically perfect enzyme
- Coenzyme
- Cofactor
- Enzyme catalysis
- Enzyme kinetics
- Lineweaver–Burk plot
- Michaelis–Menten kinetics
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| Regulation |
- Allosteric regulation
- Cooperativity
- Enzyme inhibitor
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| Classification |
- EC number
- Enzyme superfamily
- Enzyme family
- List of enzymes
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| Types |
- EC1 Oxidoreductases(list)
- EC2 Transferases(list)
- EC3 Hydrolases(list)
- EC4 Lyases(list)
- EC5 Isomerases(list)
- EC6 Ligases(list)
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