WordNet

detect some circumstance or entity automatically; "This robot can sense the presence of people in the room"; "particle detectors sense ionization"
the faculty through which the external world is apprehended; "in the dark he had to depend on touch and on his senses of smell and hearing" (同)sensation, sentience, sentiency, sensory faculty
the meaning of a word or expression; the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted; "the dictionary gave several senses for the word"; "in the best sense charity is really a duty"; "the signifier is linked to the signified" (同)signified
a general conscious awareness; "a sense of security"; "a sense of happiness"; "a sense of danger"; "a sense of self"
a natural appreciation or ability; "a keen musical sense"; "a good sense of timing"
comprehend; "I sensed the real meaning of his letter"
the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)
the somatic sensation of cold or heat
detected by instinct or inference rather than by recognized perceptual cues; "the felt presence of an intruder"; "a sensed presence in the room raised goosebumps on her arms"; "a perceived threat" (同)perceived
becoming aware of something via the senses (同)perception
a fractional monetary unit of Japan and Indonesia and Cambodia; equal to one hundredth of a yen or rupiah or riel

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(五感による)『感覚』;(…の)感覚《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》(…の)『感じ』,気持ち《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《a~,one's~》(…の)『理解』(『認識』)『力』,観念,センス《+『of』+『名』》 / 《one's senses》正常な感覚,正気 / 〈C〉《しばしば冠詩をつけないで》分別,良識 / 〈C〉(行動・発言・文などの)意義,意味(meaning)《+of(in)+名(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(…の)(全体的な)意向,動向《+『of』+『名』》 / …‘を'感ずる,‘に'気づく
〈C〉〈U〉『温度』,気温 / 〈C〉〈U〉(人・動物の)『体温』 / 《a ~》平常より高い熱,高熱

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/28 13:18:21」(JST)

wiki en

A thermoreceptor is a sensory receptor, or more accurately the receptive portion of a sensory neuron, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature, primarily within the innocuous range. In the mammalian peripheral nervous system warmth receptors are thought to be unmyelinated C-fibres (low conduction velocity), while those responding to cold have both C-fibers and thinly myelinated A delta fibers (faster conduction velocity).^[1] The adequate stimulus for a warm receptor is warming, which results in an increase in their action potential discharge rate. Cooling results in a decrease in warm receptor discharge rate. For cold receptors their firing rate increases during cooling and decreases during warming. Some cold receptors also respond with a brief action potential discharge to high temperatures, i.e. typically above 45°C, and this is known as a paradoxical response to heat. The mechanism responsible for this behavior has not been determined. A special form of thermoreceptor is found in some snakes, the viper pit organ and this specialized structure is sensitive to energy in the infrared part of the spectrum.

In humans, temperature sensation enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn, one or two vertebral levels up. The axons of these second order neurons then decussate, joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.

Location[edit]

In mammals, temperature receptors innervate various tissues including the skin (as cutaneous receptors), cornea and urinary bladder. Neurons from the pre-optic and hypothalamic regions of the brain that respond to small changes in temperature have also been described, providing information on core temperature. The hypothalamus is involved in thermoregulation, the thermoreceptors allowing feed-forward responses to a predicted change in core body temperature in response to changing environmental conditions.

Structure[edit]

Thermoreceptors have been classically described as having 'free' non-specialised endings; the mechanism of activation in response to temperature changes is not completely understood.

Function[edit]

Cold-sensitive thermoreceptors give rise to the sensations of cooling, cold and freshness. In the cornea cold receptors are thought to respond with an increase in firing rate to cooling produced by evaporation of lacrimal fluid 'tears' and thereby to elicit a reflex blink.

Distribution[edit]

Warm and cold receptors play a part in sensing innocuous environmental temperature. Temperatures likely to damage an organism are sensed by sub-categories of nociceptors that may respond to noxious cold, noxious heat or more than one noxious stimulus modality (i.e., they are polymodal). The nerve endings of sensory neurons that respond preferentially to cooling are found in moderate density in the skin but also occur in relatively high spatial density in the cornea, tongue, bladder, and facial skin. The speculation is that lingual cold receptors deliver information that modulates the sense of taste; i.e. some foods taste good when cold, while others do not.

Mechanism of transduction[edit]

This area of research has recently received considerable attention with the identification and cloning of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of proteins. The transduction of temperature in cold receptors is mediated in part by the TRPM8 channel. This channel passes a mixed inward cationic (predominantly carried by Na⁺ ions although the channel is also permeable to Ca²⁺) current of a magnitude that is inversely proportional to temperature. The channel is sensitive over a temperature range spanning about 10-35°C. TRPM8 can also be activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand. Menthol can activate the TRPM8 channel in this way. Since the TRPM8 is expressed in neurons whose physiological role is to signal cooling, menthol applied to various bodily surfaces evokes a sensation of cooling. The feeling of freshness associated with the activation of cold receptors by menthol, particularly those in facial areas with axons in the trigeminal (V) nerve, accounts for its use in numerous toiletries including toothpaste, shaving lotions, facial creams and the like.

Another molecular component of cold transduction is the temperature dependence of so-called leak channels which pass an outward current carried by potassium ions. Some leak channels derive from the family of two-pore (2P) domain potassium channels. Amongst the various members of the 2P-domain channels, some close quite promptly at temperatures less than about 28°C (e.g. TRAAK, TREK). Temperature also modulates the activity of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is a P-type pump that extrudes 3Na⁺ ions in exchange for 2K⁺ ions for each hydrolytic cleavage of ATP. This results in a net movement of positive charge out of the cell, i.e. a hyperpolarizing current. The magnitude of this current is proportional to the rate of pump activity.

It has been suggested that it is the constellation of various thermally sensitive proteins together in a neuron that gives rise to a cold receptor.^[2] This emergent property of the neuron is thought to comprise, the expression of the aforementioned proteins as well as various voltage-sensitive channels including the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel and the rapidly activating and inactivating transient potassium channel (IK_A).

References[edit]

^ Darian-Smith, Ian; Johnson KO, LaMotte C, Shigenaga Y, Kenins P, Champness P (1979). "Warm fibers innervating palmar and digital skin of the monkey: responses to thermal stimuli.". Journal of Neurophysiology 42 (5): 1297–1315. PMID 114608.
^ Viana, Felix; la Peña E, Belmonte C (2002). "Specificity of cold thermotransduction is determined by differential ionic channel expression.". Nature Neuroscience 5 (3): 254–260. doi:10.1038/nn809. PMID 11836533.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
2. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
3. 糖尿病性足病変の評価 evaluation of the diabetic foot
4. 周期性発熱症候群およびその他の自己炎症性疾患：概要 periodic fever syndromes and other autoinflammatory diseases an overview
5. 思春期および成人における労作性熱中症：管理および予防 exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults management and prevention

English Journal

Transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 is expressed in freshly isolated native human odontoblasts.

Tazawa K1, Ikeda H2, Kawashima N1, Okiji T1.
Archives of oral biology.Arch Oral Biol.2017 Mar;75:55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.007. Epub 2016 Dec 23.
OBJECTIVE: Cold-sensitive ion channels, such as transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 and transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) 1, may play a crucial role in the nociceptive function of odontoblasts, whereas expression of these TRP channels in human native odontoblasts remains to be
PMID 28043013

Environmentally friendly biosorbents husks, pods and seeds from Moringa oleifera for Pb(II) removal from contaminated water.

Tavares FO1, Pinto LA2, Bassetti FJ3, Vieira MF1, Beragamasco R1, Vieira AM4.
Environmental technology.Environ Technol.2017 Feb 1:1-30. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1290150. [Epub ahead of print]
Lead is a heavy metal considered highly toxic, responsible for causing several health problems as well as being extremely harmful to fauna and flora. Given this fact, several techniques have been studied for the removal of this metal from contaminated water, in which stands out adsorption. In this s
PMID 28145150

Recent advances in light-responsive on-demand drug-delivery systems.

Linsley CS1, Wu BM1,2.
Therapeutic delivery.Ther Deliv.2017 Feb;8(2):89-107. doi: 10.4155/tde-2016-0060.
The convergence of wearable sensors and personalized medicine enhance the ability to sense and control the drug composition and dosage, as well as location and timing of administration. To date, numerous stimuli-triggered smart drug-delivery systems have been developed to detect changes in light, pH
PMID 28088880

Japanese Journal

Capsaicin partially mimics heat in mouse fibroblast cells in vitro

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 390(3), 281-289, 2017-03-01
NAID 120005982994

温度刺激と表情アイコンを持ち共鳴機能を備えた対戦ゲーム場面での感情伝達システム「Ther:com」の開発

情報処理学会論文誌 58(1), 176-188, 2017-01-15
NAID 170000131166

Development of flow-accelerated corrosion prediction method (2) Modeling and validation with thinning rate profile data

Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2017
NAID 130006251745

Related Pictures

Digi-Sense Precalibrated Humidity and Temperature Indicator from Cole-Parmer United Digi-Sense Acorn Temperature 5 Thermistor Thermometer with Boot and Probe from Cole-Parmer Digi-Sense Acorn Temperature 4 Thermistor Thermometer with Boot, with Out Probe from Cole-Parmer Digi-Sense Temperature Controller | Surplus Solutions Digi-Sense Advanced Temperature Controller, 115V from Cole-Parmer Digi-Sense 20250-31 Precalibrated Humidity and Temperature Indicator with External Digi-Sense 20250-30 Precalibrated Humidity and Temperature Indicator, 10 - 90% RH Digi-Sense 94460-45 Temperature Controller with Timer and NIST-Traceable Calibration

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「thermal sensation」「温度感覚」「thermoception」「temperature sensation」
関連記事	「sense」「sensing」「temperature」