WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
intend (something) to move towards a certain goal; "He aimed his fists towards his opponents face"; "criticism directed at her superior"; "direct your anger towards others, not towards yourself" (同)aim, place, direct, point
sports equipment consisting of an object set up for a marksman or archer to aim at (同)butt
a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark" (同)mark
the location of the target that is to be hit (同)target area

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(鉄砲などの)『標的』,的,攻撃目標 / (批評・軽べつなどの)的,種《+of+名》 / (行為などの)目標,到達目標

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/12 06:44:43」(JST)

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Codocytes in human blood (Giemsa stain)

Codocytes, also known as target cells or Mexican hat cells,^[1]^[2] are red blood cells that have the appearance of a shooting target with a bullseye. In optical microscopy these cells appear to have a dark center (a central, hemoglobinized area) surrounded by a white ring (an area of relative pallor), followed by dark outer (peripheral) second ring containing a band of hemoglobin. However, in electron microscopy they appear very thin and bell shaped. Because of their thinness they are referred to as leptocytes and because of the wavy bowl shape they are referred to as Mexican hat cells. On routine smear morphology, some people like to make a distinction between leptocytes and codocytes- suggesting that in leptocytes the central spot is not completely detached from the peripheral ring, i.e. the pallor is in a C shape rather than a full ring.^[3]

These cells are characterized by a disproportional increase in the ratio of surface membrane area to volume. This is also described as a "relative membrane excess." It is due to either increased red cell surface area (increased beyond normal), or else a decreased intracellular hemoglobin content (which may cause an abnormal decrease in cell volume without affecting the amount of membrane area). The increase in the surface area to volume ratio also gives the cell decreased osmotic fragility, as it allows it to take up more water for a given amount of osmotic stress.

In vivo (within the blood vessel), the codocyte is a bell-shaped cell. It assumes a "target" configuration only when processed to obtain a blood film. In the film these cells appear thinner than normal, primarily due to their pallor (by which thickness is judged on microscopy).^[4]

Causes

Target cells may appear in association with the following conditions:

Liver disease: Lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity may be decreased in obstructive liver disease. Decreased enzymatic activity increases the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio, producing an absolute increase in surface area of the red blood cell membranes.
Alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia^[5] (hemoglobinopathy)
Hemoglobin C Disease
Post-splenectomy: A major function of the spleen is the clearance of opsonized, deformed, and damaged erythrocytes by splenic macrophages. If splenic macrophage function is abnormal or absent because of splenectomy, altered erythrocytes will not be removed from the circulation efficiently. Therefore, increased numbers of target cells may be observed.
Autosplenectomy caused by sickle cell anemia^{[citation needed]}

In patients with obstructive liver disease, lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase activity is depressed, which increases the cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio and produces an absolute increase in the surface area of the red cell membrane. In contrast, membrane excess is only relative in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and thalassemia because of the reduced quantity of intracellular hemoglobin.^[4] When a cell membrane collapses it becomes static and stops pulsating.^[6] Target cell formation decreases the amount of oxygen that is circulated through the blood and unable to deliver it to all areas of the body.^[7]

Symptoms

Elevations in target cells are the result of a shift in the exchange equilibrium between the red blood cells and the cholesterol. Also the surface membrane to volume ratio is increased.^[8] Target cells are more resistant to osmotic lysis, which is mostly seen in dogs. Hypochromic cells in iron deficiency anemias also can show a target appearance.^[9] Target cells are abnormally resistant to saline.

References

^ "Mexican Hat Cell".
^ "The Target Cell: An Overview". Retrieved 2009-02-08.
^ Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures, Volume 936 By Mary Louise Turgeon, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 07-Dec-2004 - Chapter 6, p 103of 570
^ ^a ^b William's Haematology, 7th Edition
^ Tierney, Lawrence M.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Papadakis, Maxine A. (2006). Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2007 (Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 498. ISBN 0-07-147247-9.
^ innovateus.net
^ e.howhealth.com
^ biomedx.livebloodunderthemicroscope
^ cornell.edu.targetcells

External links

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
http://biomedx.com/microscopes/training/LB2.html
http://www.ornl.gov

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1. 棘状細胞（棘状赤血球および有棘赤血球）と標的細胞 spiculated cells echinocytes and acanthocytes and target cells
2. 末梢血塗抹標本の評価 evaluation of the peripheral blood smear
3. 全身疾患による外因性の非免疫性溶血性貧血 extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemia due to systemic disease
4. 貧血を有する成人患者に対するアプローチ approach to the adult patient with anemia
5. 急性期および早期のHIV感染：病因および疫学 acute and early hiv infection pathogenesis and epidemiology

English Journal

[Nanopathology as a new scientific disciplineMinireview].

Dvořáčková J, Bielniková H, Mačák J.AbstractThe detection of metal particles in the pathologically altered tissues (eg. in inflammatory lesions or tumors) led to the idea that they might be associated with emergence of some idiopathic diseases. To understand the etiopathogenesis of diseases associated with the presence of nanoparticles in the tissue there is a new area of patology - nanopathology. Numerous studies have shown that nanoparticles can enter the human body through inhalation or ingestion. Through the pulmonary alveoli, skin and intestinal mucosa, the nanoparticles may reach the blood and lymphatic system, which subsequently distributes them to other target organs. Epithelial surfaces of conjunctiva and skin represent another potential way of penetration of nanoparticles into the body. There is a number of studies, which described the adverse effects of ultrafine particles on respiratory and cardiovascular system. Recent studies have also shown that some nanoparticles are able to pass through the pores of the nuclear membrane, where they may pose a risk of damage to cells and genetic information and they are also potentially capable to cross the placental and hematoencephalic barriers. Further, their role in the induction of oxidative stress is significant in relation to the mutagenesis. Scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) represents a suitable tool for identification of metal-based particles in tissues and body fluids. Importance of nanopathogy can be seen in the elucidation of the etiopathogenesis of many diseases, not only of respiratory and cardiovascular systems, but also of many other organ systems. Keywords: nanoparticles - nanopathology - diseases of nanoparticles (nanopathologies) - ESEM-EDS.
Ceskoslovenská patologie.Cesk Patol.2013 Dec;49(1):46-50.
The detection of metal particles in the pathologically altered tissues (eg. in inflammatory lesions or tumors) led to the idea that they might be associated with emergence of some idiopathic diseases. To understand the etiopathogenesis of diseases associated with the presence of nanoparticles in the
PMID 23432076

Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit hepatic lipogenesis through induction of SIRT1 and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in high-glucose-induced HepG2 cells.

Hwang YP, Choi JH, Kim HG, Lee HS, Chung YC, Jeong HG.SourceDepartment of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Sep 1;140(1-2):115-23. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.041. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Changkil saponins, CKS) have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. This study investigated the effects of CKS on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and hepatic lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. CKS suppressed high-glucose-induced lipid
PMID 23578622