WordNet

move something or somebody around; usually over long distances
an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes
move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in ones hands or on ones body; "You must carry your camping gear"; "carry the suitcases to the car"; "This train is carrying nuclear waste"; "These pipes carry waste water into the river" (同)carry
transport commercially (同)send, ship
a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) (同)Na, atomic number 11
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy

PrepTutorEJDIC

(ある場所からある場所へ)…‘を'『輸送する』,運搬する《+名+from+名+to+名》 / 《文》《受動態で》(…で)…‘を'夢中にする,有頂天にする《+名+with+名》 / 〈罪人〉‘を'流刑にする / 〈U〉輸送,運送,輸送(交通)機関(transportation) / 〈C〉(軍隊や軍需品を運ぶ)輸送船,輸送機
ソジウム,ナトリウム(金属元素;化学記号はNa)
蛋白(たんばく)質
ブドウ糖

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/16 23:34:36」(JST)

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Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in PCT, via SGLT2). In case of too high plasma glucose concentration (hyperglycemia), glucose is excreted in urine (glucosuria); because SGLT are saturated with the filtered monosaccharide. Glucose is never secreted by a healthy nephron.

Types

The two most well known members of SGLT family are SGLT1 and SGLT2, which are members of the SLC5A gene family. In addition to SGLT1 and SGLT2, there are five other members in the human protein family SLC5A, several of which may also be sodium-glucose transporters.^[1]

Gene	Protein	Acronym	Tissue distribution in proximal tubule^[2]	Na⁺:Glucose Co-transport ratio	Contribution to glucose reabsorption (%)^[3]
SLC5A1	Sodium/GLucose coTransporter 1	SGLT1	S3 segment	2:1	10
SLC5A2	Sodium/GLucose coTransporter 2	SGLT2	predominantly in the S1 and S2 segments	1:1	90

SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes

SGLT2 inhibitors, also called gliflozins,^[4] are used in the treatment of type II diabetes. Examples include dapagliflozin, canagliflozin and empagliflozin.

Function

Firstly, an Na+/K+ ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cell uses ATP molecules to move 3 sodium ions outward into the blood, while bringing in 2 potassium ions. This action creates a downhill sodium ion gradient from the inside of the proximal tubule cell towards the outside (that is, in comparison to both the blood and the tubule itself.

The SGLT proteins use the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient created by the ATPase pump to transport glucose across the apical membrane, against an uphill glucose gradient. Therefore, these co-transporters are an example of secondary active transport. Members of the GLUT family of glucose uniporters then transport the glucose across the basolateral membrane, and into the peritubular capillaries. Because sodium and glucose are in the same direction across the membrane, SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters.

Discovery of sodium-glucose cotransport

In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.^[5]

Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first-ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.^[6]^[7]

References

^ Ensembl release 48: Homo sapiens Ensembl protein family ENSF00000000509
^ Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (January 2007). "Active sugar transport in health and disease". J. Intern. Med. 261 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x. PMID 17222166.
^ Wright EM (January 2001). "Renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280 (1): F10–8. PMID 11133510.
^ "SGLT2 Inhibitors (Gliflozins)". Diabetes.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
^ Miller D, Bihler I (1961). "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars". In Kleinzeller A. Kotyk A. Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960. Czech Academy of Sciences & Academic Press. pp. 439–449.
^ Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflugers Arch. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858. Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was [is] coupled to downhill Na+ transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined, and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.
^ Boyd CA (March 2008). "Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology". Exp. Physiol. 93 (3): 303–14. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523. PMID 18192340. p. 304. “the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 (Crane et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter.

External links

Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 抱合型高ビリルビン血症関連の遺伝性疾患 inherited disorders associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
2. Chapter 3B：近位尿細管におけるナトリウム輸送能の優越性 chapter 3b primacy of sodium transport in proximal function
3. 成人における高カリウム血症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in adults
4. 成人糖尿病患者のマネージメントにおける血糖の自己モニタリング（SMBG） blood glucose self monitoring in management of adults with diabetes mellitus
5. 小児蘇生法における第一選択剤 primary drugs in pediatric resuscitation

English Journal

Metallothionein deficiency aggravates depleted uranium-induced nephrotoxicity.

Hao Y1, Huang J1, Gu Y1, Liu C1, Li H1, Liu J1, Ren J1, Yang Z1, Peng S2, Wang W3, Li R4.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.2015 Sep 15;287(3):306-15. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.06.019. Epub 2015 Jul 3.
Depleted uranium (DU) has been widely used in both civilian and military activities, and the kidney is the main target organ of DU during acute high-dose exposures. In this study, the nephrotoxicity caused by DU in metallothionein-1/2-null mice (MT-/-) and corresponding wild-type (MT+/+) mice was in
PMID 26148447

Diabetes: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.

Nathan DM1.
JAMA.JAMA.2015 Sep 8;314(10):1052-62. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.9536.
IMPORTANCE: Chronic diseases have overtaken acute diseases, such as infections, as the major cause of premature mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus, a chronic degenerative metabolic disease, has reached epidemic proportions in the past 30 years, with worldwide prevalence approaching 400 million p
PMID 26348754

Type 2 Diabetes, SGLT2 Inhibitors, and Glucose Secretion.

Hattersley AT, Thorens B.
The New England journal of medicine.N Engl J Med.2015 Sep 3;373(10):974-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcibr1506573.
PMID 26332554

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ナトリウム・グルコース共輸送体」「sodium-glucose cotransporter」「ナトリウム・グルコース輸送体」「Na+-glucose cotransporter」
関連記事	「transport」「transport protein」

「ナトリウム・グルコース共輸送体」

solute carrier family 5 (low affinity glucose cotransporter), member 4
Identifiers
Symbol	SLC5A4
Alt. symbols	SGLT3, SAAT1, DJ90G24.4
Entrez	6527
HUGO	11039
RefSeq	NM_014227
UniProt	Q9NY91
Other data
Locus	Chr. 22 q12.1-12.3

solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2
Identifiers
Symbol	SLC5A2
Alt. symbols	SGLT2
Entrez	6524
HUGO	11037
OMIM	182381
RefSeq	NM_003041
UniProt	P31639
Other data
Locus	Chr. 16 p11.2

solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1
Identifiers
Symbol	SLC5A1
Alt. symbols	SGLT1
Entrez	6523
HUGO	11036
OMIM	182380
RefSeq	NM_000343
UniProt	P13866
Other data
Locus	Chr. 22 q13.1