性分化

WordNet

tell the sex (of young chickens)
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles; "she didnt want to know the sex of the foetus" (同)gender, sexuality
all of the feelings resulting from the urge to gratify sexual impulses; "he wanted a better sex life"; "the film contained no sex or violence" (同)sexual urge
either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided; "the war between the sexes"
the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function
a discrimination between things as different and distinct; "it is necessary to make a distinction between love and infatuation" (同)distinction
having sexual differentiation
characterized by sexuality; "highly sexed"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『性』,性別 / 《the~》《形容詞を伴い集合的に》『男性』,『女性』 / 〈U〉(男女(雌雄)間の)相違[の意識] / 〈U〉性に関する事柄(情報) / 〈U〉性交 / 〈ひよこなど〉‘の'性別を見分ける

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/31 11:02:14」(JST)

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Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. As male and female individuals develop from zygotes into fetuses, into infants, children, adolescents, and eventually into adults, sex and gender differences at many levels develop: genes, chromosomes, gonads, hormones, anatomy, and psyche.

Sex differences range greatly and include physiologically differentiating. Sex-dichotomous differences are developments which are wholly characteristic of one sex only. Examples of sex-dichotomous differences include aspects of the sex-specific genital organs such as ovaries, a uterus or a phallic urethra. In contrast, sex-dimorphic differences are matters of degree (e.g., size of phallus). Some of these (e.g., stature, behaviors) are mainly statistical, with much overlap between male and female populations.

Nevertheless, even the sex-dichotomous differences are not absolute in the human population, and there are individuals who are exceptions (e.g., XY males with a uterus; undeveloped testes), or phenotypical females with an XY karyotype (undeveloped reproductive organs), or who exhibit biological and/or behavioral characteristics of both sexes.

Sex differences may be induced by specific genes, by hormones, by anatomy, or by social learning. Some of the differences are entirely physical (e.g., presence of a uterus) and some differences are just as obviously purely a matter of social learning and custom (e.g., relative hair length). Many differences, though, such as gender identity, appear to be influenced by both biological and social factors ("nature" and "nurture").

The early stages of human differentiation appear to be quite similar to the same biological processes in other mammals and the interaction of genes, hormones and body structures is fairly well understood. In the first weeks of life, a fetus has no anatomic or hormonal sex, and only a karyotype distinguishes male from female. Specific genes induce gonadal differences, which produce hormonal differences, which cause anatomic differences, leading to psychological and behavioral differences, some of which are innate and some induced by the social environment.

Sex determination system

Humans, many mammals, insects and other animals have an XY sex-determination system. Humans have forty-six chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males. It is obvious that the Y chromosome must carry at least one essential gene which determines testicular formation (originally termed TDF). A gene in the sex-determining region of the short arm of the Y, now referred to as SRY, has been found to direct production of a protein, testis determining factor, which binds to DNA, inducing differentiation of cells derived from the genital ridges into testes. In transgenic XX mice (and some human XX males), SRY alone is sufficient to induce male differentiation.

Humans

The Human Y Chromosome showing the SRY gene which codes for a protein regulating sexual differentiation.

Various processes are involved in the development of sex differences in humans. Sexual differentiation in humans includes development of different genitalia and the internal genital tracts, breasts, body hair, and plays a role in gender identification.^[1]

The development of sexual differences begins with the XY sex-determination system that is present in humans, and complex mechanisms are responsible for the development of the phenotypic differences between male and female humans from an undifferentiated zygote.^[2] Atypical sexual development, and ambiguous genitalia, can be a result of genetic and hormonal factors.^[3]

The differentiation of other parts of the body than the sex organ creates the secondary sex characteristics. Sexual dimorphism of skeletal structure develops during childhood, and becomes more pronounced at adolescence. Sexual orientation has been demonstrated to correlate with skeletal characters that become dimorphic during early childhood (such as arm length to stature ratio) but not with characters that become dimorphic during puberty—such as shoulder width.^[4]

Humans and other animals

Brain differentiation

In most animals, differences of exposure of a fetal or infant brain to sex hormones produce significant differences of brain structure and function which correlate with adult reproductive behavior.

This is the case in humans as well; sex hormone levels in male and female fetuses and infants differ, and both androgen receptors and estrogen receptors have been identified in brains. Several sex-specific genes not dependent on sex steroids are expressed differently in male and female human brains. Structural sex differences begin to be recognizable by 2 years of age, and in adult men and women include size and shape of corpus callosum (larger in women) and fasciculae connecting each hemisphere internally (larger in men), certain hypothalamic nuclei, and the gonadotropin feedback response to estradiol.^{[citation needed]}

The absence of the genes that generate male genitalia do not single handedly lead to a female brain. The male brain requires more hormones, such as testosterone, in order to properly differentiate.^[5] These hormones are released due to a gene expressed during embryonic development.

References

^ http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html^{[full citation needed]}
^ Mukherjee, Asit B.; Parsa, Nasser Z. (1990). "Determination of sex chromosomal constitution and chromosomal origin of drumsticks, drumstick-like structures, and other nuclear bodies in human blood cells at interphase by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Chromosoma. 99 (6): 432–5. PMID 2176962. doi:10.1007/BF01726695.
^ Kučinskas, Laimutis; Just, Walter (2005). "Human male sex determination and sexual differentiation: Pathways, molecular interactions and genetic disorders". Medicina. 41 (8): 633–40. PMID 16160410.
^ Martin, James T; Nguyen, Duc Huu (2004). "Anthropometric analysis of homosexuals and heterosexuals: Implications for early hormone exposure". Hormones and Behavior. 45 (1): 31–9. PMID 14733889. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.07.003.
^ Siiteri, PK; Wilson, JD (Jan 1974). "Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo.". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 38 (1): 113–25. PMID 4809636. doi:10.1210/jcem-38-1-113.

Bibliography

Baum, Michael J. (2006). "Mammalian animal models of psychosexual differentiation: When is 'translation' to the human situation possible?". Hormones and Behavior. 50 (4): 579–88. PMID 16876166. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.003.
Crouch, RA (1998). "Betwixt and between: The past and future of intersexuality". The Journal of clinical ethics. 9 (4): 372–84. PMID 10029838.
Hughes, I A; Houk, C; Ahmed, S. F.; Lee, P. A. (2005). "Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 91 (7): 554–63. PMC 2082839 . PMID 16624884. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.098319.
Phoenix, C. H.; Goy, R. W.; Gerall, A. A.; Young, W. C. (1959). "Organizing Action of Prenatally Administered Testosterone Propionate on the Tissues Mediating Mating Behavior in the Female Guinea Pig". Endocrinology. 65 (3): 369–382. doi:10.1210/endo-65-3-369.
Wallen, Kim (2005). "Hormonal influences on sexually differentiated behavior in nonhuman primates". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 26 (1): 7–26. PMID 15862182. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.02.001.
Wilson, BE; Reiner, WG (1998). "Management of intersex: A shifting paradigm". The Journal of clinical ethics. 9 (4): 360–9. PMID 10029837.

External links

Human Sexual Differentiation by P. C. Sizonenko
The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations: Vol.2, Reproductive System by Frank H. Netter, M.D. comparing female and male reproductive systems development and anatomy
Development of the Female Sexual & Reproductive Organs – illustrations comparing female and male genitalia during the early development

UpToDate Contents

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1. 正常な性的発育 normal sexual development
2. 非定型生殖器（性分化疾患）を有する乳児の評価 evaluation of the infant with atypical genitalia disorder of sex development
3. まれな先天性副腎過形成 uncommon congenital adrenal hyperplasias
4. 成人におけるノンレム睡眠からの覚醒障害 disorders of arousal from non rapid eye movement sleep in adults
5. 外陰部異常を有する幼児のマネージメント management of the infant with ambiguous genitalia

English Journal

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha during neonatal brain development affects anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in adult male and female mice.

Babri S1, Doosti MH2, Salari AA3.Author information 1Laboratory of Physiology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.2Laboratory of Immunology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.3Laboratory of Physiology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Laboratory of Immunology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: aa.salari@yahoo.com.AbstractA nascent literature suggests that neonatal infection is a risk factor for the development of brain, behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which can affect anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in later life. It has been documented that neonatal infection raises the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in neonate rodents and such infections may result in neonatal brain injury, at least in part, through pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, previous studies have shown that TNF-α is involved in cellular differentiation, neurogenesis and programmed cell death during the development of the central nervous system. We investigated for the first time whether neonatal exposure to TNF-α can affect body weight, stress-induced corticosterone (COR), anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in adult mice. In the present study, neonatal mice were treated to recombinant mouse TNF-α (0.2, 0.4, 0.7 and 1μg/kg) or saline on postnatal days 3 and 5, then adult male and female mice were exposed to different behavioral tests. The results indicated that neonatal TNF-α treatment reduced body weight in neonatal period in both sexes. In addition, this study obtained some experimental findings indicating the high doses of TNF-α increase stress-induced COR levels, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in adult males, while decrease the levels of anxiety without any significant effect on depression in adult female mice. Our findings suggest that TNF-α exposure during neonatal period can alter brain and behavior development in a dose and sex-dependent manner in mice.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Mar 15;261:305-14. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.037. Epub 2014 Jan 5.
A nascent literature suggests that neonatal infection is a risk factor for the development of brain, behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which can affect anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in later life. It has been documented that neonatal infection raises the concentrations of
PMID 24398264

The association of interleukin-21 polymorphisms with interleukin-21 serum levels and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Lan Y1, Luo B1, Wang JL2, Jiang YW1, Wei YS3.Author information 1Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China.2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China.3Institute of Medical Laboratory, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China. Electronic address: wysh22@gmail.com.AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the common autoimmune diseases, with complex genetic components. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is the most recently discovered member of the type-I cytokine family, which has a variety of effects on the immune system, including B cell activation, plasma cell differentiation, and immunoglobulin production. Previous studies have identified that IL-21 was associated with different autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and SLE. Variations in the DNA sequence in the IL-21 gene may lead to altered IL-21 production and/or activity, and thus this can modulate an individual's susceptibility to SLE. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the association of the IL-21 polymorphisms and its serum levels with the risk of SLE in a Chinese population. We analyzed three single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-21 gene rs907715 C/T, rs2221903 T/C and rs2055979 C/A in 175 patients with SLE and 190 age- and sex-matched controls, using Snapshot SNP genotyping assays and DNA sequencing method. Soluble IL-21 (sIL-21) levels were measured by ELISA. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-21 gene rs2055979 C/A polymorphism between the group of patients with SLE and the control group (P<0.05). sIL-21 levels were increased in patients with SLE compared with controls (P<0.01). Moreover, genotypes carrying the IL-21 rs2055979 A variant allele were associated with increased IL-21 levels compared to the homozygous wild-type genotype in patients with SLE. The rs2055979 C/A polymorphism of IL-21 and its sIL-21 levels were associated with SLE in the Chinese population. Our data suggests that IL-21 gene may play a role in the development of SLE.
Gene.Gene.2014 Mar 15;538(1):94-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.012. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the common autoimmune diseases, with complex genetic components. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is the most recently discovered member of the type-I cytokine family, which has a variety of effects on the immune system, including B cell activation, plasma cell dif
PMID 24434811

Influence of the brain sexual differentiation process on despair and antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine in the rat forced swim test.

Gómez ML1, Martínez-Mota L2, Estrada-Camarena E3, Fernández-Guasti A4.Author information 1Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), México City, Mexico.2Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Direction, National Institute of Psychiatry, México City, Mexico.3Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Neuroscience Research Direction, National Institute of Psychiatry, México City, Mexico.4Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), México City, Mexico. Electronic address: jfernand@cinvestav.mx.AbstractSex differences exist in the depressive disorder prevalence and response to treatment. Several studies suggest that females respond better than males to the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting that gonadal hormones modulate mood and the response to these drugs. Sexual steroid hormones exert organizational actions (perennial and on early development) and activational effects (transient and on differentiated tissues). The aim of this study was to analyze sex differences in the forced swim test (FST) in animals without treatment and after fluoxetine (FLX, 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0mg/kg). Initially, we compared male and female adult rats under control conditions or after altering their sexual differentiation process (at day 5 postnatally, PN, 60μg of testosterone propionate to females and male castration to induce or preclude masculinization, respectively). To further analyze if the sex differences depend on organizational or activational steroid hormone action we tested the same animals before and after adult gonadectomy. To prevent variations depending upon the estrous cycle, control and masculinized females were tested in estrus. Control females showed lower immobility and required lower doses of FLX (5mg/kg), to show an antidepressant-like effect, than males (10mg/kg), even after adult gonadectomy. In control males adult orchidectomy prevented FLX's action. Neonatally masculinized females exhibited analogous levels of immobility than control ones; before ovariectomy they responded to FLX similar to controls, but after the surgery they did not respond to fluoxetine. Neonatally orchidectomized males exhibited similar immobility values and response to FLX than control females. The findings suggest that the sex difference in despair depends on the hormones organizational effects and, in males, the response to FLX relies on organizational and activational actions.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Mar 7;261:11-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.035. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
Sex differences exist in the depressive disorder prevalence and response to treatment. Several studies suggest that females respond better than males to the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting that gonadal hormones modulate mood and the response to these drugs. Sexu
PMID 24374081

Japanese Journal

形態素解析の大規模言語調査データへの応用 : 岡崎敬語調査パネルデータにおける名詞・代名詞・動詞の相対頻度数に対する話者性別効果の検証

松田謙次郎
国立国語研究所論集 7, 151-165, 2014-05
Seifart et al.(2010)およびSeifart(2011)は名詞・代名詞・動詞の談話中における相対頻度数(NTVR)が言語内で,また言語間でも大きな分散を示し,類型論的に興味深い分布を示すものであることを明らかにした。ここでは岡崎敬語調査(国語研1957, 1983, 阿部(編)2010, 西尾他(編)2010, 杉戸2010a, 2010b, 松田他2012, Matsuda 20 …
NAID 110009786548

松果体腫瘍と発達・思春期(2)正常松果体との関連における松果体実質腫瘍についての考察

加地隆
弘前医療福祉大学紀要 5(1), 1-18, 2014-03-31
NAID 40020077540

Developmental Link between Sex and Nutrition; doublesex Regulates Sex-Specific Mandible Growth via Juvenile Hormone Signaling in Stag Beetles

Gotoh Hiroki,Miyakawa Hitoshi,Ishikawa Asano,Ishikawa Yuki,Sugime Yasuhiro,Emlen Douglas J.,Lavine Laura C.,Miura Toru
PLoS Genetics 10(1), e1004098, 2014-01-16
… We investigated the developmental mechanisms of sex-specific mandible growth in the stag beetle Cyclommatus metallifer, focusing on doublesex gene function and its interaction with juvenile hormone (JH) signaling. … We found that the Cmdsx gene regulates sex differentiation in the stag beetle. … Knockdown of Cmdsx by RNA-interference in both males and females produced intersex phenotypes, indicating a role for Cmdsx in sex-specific trait growth. …
NAID 120005367444

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「sex」「differentiation」

「sex」

Sexual differentiation
	Differentiation of the male and female reproductive systems does not occur until the fetal period of development.
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

n.

性、(肉体的な)性別、性交

関: coital、coition、coitus、copulation、gender、intercourse、sexual intercourse、sexuality、venereal

「differentiation」

　　[★]

n.

分化

関: differentiate、differentiative、specialization

[1] ttp://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html^{[full citation needed]}

[2] Mukherjee, Asit B.; Parsa, Nasser Z. (1990). "Determination of sex chromosomal constitution and chromosomal origin of drumsticks, drumstick-like structures, and other nuclear bodies in human blood cells at interphase by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Chromosoma. 99 (6): 432–5. PMID 2176962. doi:10.1007/BF01726695.

[3] Kučinskas, Laimutis; Just, Walter (2005). "Human male sex determination and sexual differentiation: Pathways, molecular interactions and genetic disorders". Medicina. 41 (8): 633–40. PMID 16160410.

[4] Martin, James T; Nguyen, Duc Huu (2004). "Anthropometric analysis of homosexuals and heterosexuals: Implications for early hormone exposure". Hormones and Behavior. 45 (1): 31–9. PMID 14733889. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.07.003.

[5] Siiteri, PK; Wilson, JD (Jan 1974). "Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo.". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 38 (1): 113–25. PMID 4809636. doi:10.1210/jcem-38-1-113.

v t e Sex determination and differentiation
Overview	Sexual differentiation humans Development of the reproductive system gonads Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct
Genetic basis	Sex-determination system XY X0 ZW Temperature-dependent Haplodiploidy Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis-determining factor
See also	Hermaphrodite Intersex Disorders of sex development

v t e Development of the reproductive system
Precursors	Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane
Internal	Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus
External	Genital tubercle Labioscrotal swelling Primordial phallus Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck
See also	List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis

v t e Sex
Biological terms	Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex-determination system XY ZW XO Temperature-dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex
Sexual reproduction	Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Human reproduction
Sexuality	Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity

v t e Human physiology and endocrinology of sexual reproduction
Tanner scale
Menstrual cycle	Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis (spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm) Oogenesis (oogonium oocyte ootid ovum) Germ cell (gonocyte gamete)
Human sexual behavior	Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation/Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex
Life span	Prenatal development/Sexual dimorphism/Sexual differentiation (Feminization Virilization) Puberty (Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric (Menopause Late-onset hypogonadism)
Egg	Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility	Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Andrology Hormone
Breast	Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding

v t e Intersex topics
Human rights and legal issues	Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal attribute) Yogyakarta Principles
Medicine and biology	Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Hermaphrodite Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation more...
Society and culture	Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature People Religion Researchers Sex verification in sports Television
History and events	History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum
Rights by country	Argentina Australia Chile China Colombia France Germany India Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Switzerland Uganda United Kingdom United States
See also	Children's rights Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences in humans

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sex differentiation