WordNet

of amnesia; affecting time immediately preceding trauma
go back over; "retrograde arguments" (同)rehash, hash over
move back; "The glacier retrogrades" (同)retreat
going from better to worse (同)retrogressive
move backward in an orbit, of celestial bodies
move in a direction contrary to the usual one; "retrograding planets"
moving from east to west on the celestial sphere; or--for planets--around the sun in a direction opposite to that of the Earth

PrepTutorEJDIC

後戻りする,後退する / 悪化する / (生物が)退化する / 後退する,逆行する / 悪くなる / 〈生物が〉退化する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/12 03:04:25」(JST)

wiki en

A retrograde urethrogram is a routine radiologic procedure (most typically in males) used to image the integrity of the urethra. Hence a retrograde urethrogram is essential for diagnosis of urethral injury, or urethral stricture.^[1]

Process

The procedure involves the insertion of a Foley catheter into the distal urethra and minimally inflating it. This is followed by instillation of 30mL of water soluble contrast and a plain radiograph is obtained; leakage of the contrast suggests urethral injury (usually secondary to pelvic trauma) and is an indication for surgical intervention.

It is used when there is suspicion of urethral trauma, such as a history of trauma to the area followed by pain, inability to void urine, or the presence of blood at the urethral meatus, a scrotal hematoma, or free-floating prostate on rectal examination.

If a urethral injury is suspected, a retrograde urethrogram should be performed before attempting to place a Foley catheter into the bladder. If there is a urethral disruption, a suprapubic catheter should be placed.

References

^ El-Ghar MA, Osman Y, Elbaz E, Refiae H, El-Diasty T (July 2009). "MR urethrogram versus combined retrograde urethrogram and sonourethrography in diagnosis of urethral stricture". Eur J Radiol 74 (3): e193–e198. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.06.008. PMID 19608363.

External links

New England Journal of Medicine procedure videos: Male Urethral catheterization
Ohio State University Patient Education Materials: Retrograde Urethrogram

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 鈍的尿生殖器外傷：初期評価およびマネージメント blunt genitourinary trauma initial evaluation and management
2. 男性における尿道狭窄疾患の治療 treatment of urethral stricture disease in men
3. 上部および下部尿生殖路の貫通性外傷：初期評価およびマネージメント penetrating trauma of the upper and lower genitourinary tract initial evaluation and management
4. 膀胱カテーテルの留置およびマネージメント placement and management of urinary bladder catheters
5. 小児における股ひろげ損傷：評価およびマネージメント straddle injuries in children evaluation and management

English Journal

[Emergencies of the external genital area].

Kaminsky A1, Sperling H2.
Der Urologe. Ausg. A.Urologe A.2016 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: In addition to epididymitis and testicular torsion, emergencies of the external genital are rare. Rapid diagnosis and therapy are essential so that immediate therapy can be provided, which is important for survival (Fournier gangrene) of the patient or for the preservation of erectile fu
PMID 27033375

The Selection of Procedures in One Stage Urethroplasty for Treatment of Coexisting Urethral Strictures in Anterior and Posterior Urethra.

Lv X1, Xu Y2, Xie H1, Feng C1, Zhang J1.
Urology.Urology.2016 Mar 10. pii: S0090-4295(16)00287-9. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.02.051. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To explore selection of the procedures in one stage urethroplasty for treatment of coexisting urethral strictures in the anterior and posterior urethra.METHODS: Between 2008 and 2014, a total of 27 patients with exist strictures simultaneously at anterior urethra and posterior urethra wer
PMID 26972149

Effect of Tadalafil on Prevention of Urethral Stricture after Urethral Injury. an Experimental Study.

Kurt O1, Yesildag E2, Yazici CM3, Aktas C4, Ozcaglayan O5, Bozdemir Y4.
Urology.Urology.2016 Mar 3. pii: S0090-4295(16)00227-2. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.02.034. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the preventive effect of PDE-5 inhibitor (Tadalafil) on the formation of urethral stricture after urethral injury.MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 28, four-month-old male New Zealand rabbits were included and divided into three groups. Group 1 was a sham group with 8 rabbits th
PMID 26948527

Japanese Journal

Common urogenital sinusと診断した犬の1例

渡邊俊文,鈴木健太,三品美夏
日本獣医師会雑誌 68(5), 306-310, 2015
6カ月齢，未避妊雌，体重1.46kgのパピヨンが持続性尿失禁を主訴に麻布大学附属動物病院を受診した．初診時の尿検査，経膣尿道造影検査より細菌性膀胱炎，尿道括約筋収縮不全，膣・子宮欠損症が疑われた．尿失禁に対し内科的治療を行ったものの，症状の改善が認められなかったため，外陰部からの内視鏡検査と試験開腹を実施した．左右子宮角は膀胱頸部背側に開口し，左右子宮角と合流した尿道は単一の管腔構造として外陰部に …
NAID 130005078182

尿道狭窄症に対する経尿道的内尿道切開術の有効性の検討

磯野誠,堀口明男,田崎新資 [他],黒田健司,佐藤全伯,朝隈純一,瀬口健至,伊藤敬一,早川正道,淺野友彦
日本泌尿器科學會雜誌 103(6), 691-696, 2012-11-20
(目的) 尿道狭窄症に対する内尿道切開術の有効性について検討した． (対象と方法) 当院で内尿道切開を行った尿道狭窄症19例を対象とした．狭窄部位は球部尿道17例，膜様部尿道1例，振子部尿道1例であった．狭窄長は1 cm未満13例，1～2 cmが2例，2 cm以上が4例で，狭窄原因は騎乗型損傷7例，経尿道的手術後7例，骨盤骨折1例，不明4例であった．全例とも手術はガイドワイヤーを併用した，cold …
NAID 10031126330