WordNet

strike or drive against with a heavy impact; "ram the gate with a sledgehammer"; "pound on the door" (同)ram down, pound
uncastrated adult male sheep; "a British term is `tup" (同)tup
a tool for driving or forcing something by impact

PrepTutorEJDIC

(去勢しない)雄羊 / 破城づち(先に鉄のつめのついたさおで,戸・城壁などを破るのに用いた) / くい打ち機 / (…に)…‘を'激しく打ちつける(打ち込む)《+『名』+『against』(『into』)+『名』》 / …‘に'激突する / (…に)…‘を'詰め込む,押し込む《+『名』+『into』(in, down』)+『名』》 / (…に)激突する《+『against』(『into』)+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/31 22:55:33」(JST)

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A clonal colony of Iris germanica. Note the rhizomatious stems by which the plant reproduces.

A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor. In plants, an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. In fungi, "individuals" typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which, although spread over a large area, is otherwise hidden in the soil. Clonal colonies are common in many plant species. Although many plants reproduce sexually through the production of seed, reproduction occurs by underground stolons or rhizomes in some plants. Above ground, these plants appear to be distinct individuals, but underground they remain interconnected and are all clones of the same plant. However, it is not always easy to recognize a clonal colony especially if it spreads underground and is also sexually reproducing.

Methods of establishment

With most woody plants, clonal colonies arise by wide-ranging roots that at intervals send up new shoots, termed suckers.
Trees and shrubs with branches that touch the ground can form colonies via layering, e. g. willow and blackberry.
Some vines naturally form adventitious roots on their stems that take root in the soil when the stems contact the ground, e.g. ivy and trumpet vine.
With other vines, rooting of the stem where nodes come into contact with soil may establish a clonal colony, e.g. Wisteria.
Ferns and many herbaceous flowering plants often form clonal colonies via horizontal underground stems termed rhizomes, e.g. ostrich fern Matteuccia struthiopteris and goldenrod.
A number of herbaceous flowering plants form clonal colonies via horizontal surface stems termed stolons, or runners; e.g. strawberry and many grasses.
Non-woody plants with underground storage organs such as bulbs and corms can also form colonies, e.g. Narcissus and Crocus.
A few plant species can form colonies via adventitious plantlets that form on leaves, e.g. Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Tolmiea menziesii.
A few plant species can form colonies via asexual seeds, termed apomixis, e.g. dandelion.

Record colonies

A group of 47,000 Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees (nicknamed "Pando") in the Wasatch Mountains, Utah, USA, has been shown to be a single clone connected by the root system. It is sometimes considered the world's largest organism by mass, covering 106 acres (43 ha). It is possible that other unknown clonal colonies of trees rival or exceed its size.

The only known plant of King's Lomatia (Lomatia tasmanica) in Tasmania is a clonal colony estimated to be 43,600 years old.^[1] Another possible candidate for oldest organism on earth is a stand of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea, which could be up to 100,000 years of age.^[2]

Examples

When woody plants form clonal colonies, they often remain connected through the root system, sharing roots, water and mineral nutrients. A few non-vining, woody plants that form clonal colonies are:

Bayberry, Myrica pensylvanica
Black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia
Bladdernut, Staphylea species
Blueberry, Vaccinium species
Devil's Club Oplopanax horridus
Forsythia, Forsythia species
Hazelnut, Corylus species
Honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos
Kentucky coffeetree, Gymnocladus dioicus
Kerria, Kerria japonica
Pawpaw, Asimina triloba
Pando tree, a clonal colony of a single male Populus tremuloides, all determined to be part of a single living organism
Poplars, Populus species
Sassafras, Sassafras albidum
Sumac, Rhus species
Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua
Sweetshrub, Calycanthus floridus

References

^ "Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism". Discovery Channel. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
^ "Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant". Ibiza Spotlight. Retrieved 2008-05-07.

English Journal

Large-scale RNAi screens add both clarity and complexity to Drosophila NF-κB signaling.

Valanne S, Kallio J, Kleino A, Rämet M.SourceLaboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2012 May;37(1):9-18. Epub 2011 Sep 10.
NF-κB signaling is an immune response mechanism remarkably conserved through phylogeny. The genetically tractable model animal Drosophila melanogaster is an important model organism for studying NF-κB signaling in the immune response. Fruit flies have two NF-κB signaling pathways: the Toll and th
PMID 21930155

Acetazolamide for severe apnea in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome.

Verhulst SL, De Dooy J, Ramet J, Bockaert N, Van Coster R, Ceulemans B, De Backer W.SourceDepartment of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. stijn.verhulst@ua.ac.be.
American journal of medical genetics. Part A.Am J Med Genet A.2012 Apr;158A(4):932-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35247. Epub 2012 Mar 9.
PMID 22407847