同: PLC

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the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)c
(music) the keynote of the scale of C major
a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system

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carbonの化学記号
cesiumの化学記号
cadmiumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/13 12:34:25」(JST)

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Cleavage sites of phospholipases. Phospholipase C enzymes cut just before the phosphate attached to the R₃ moiety.

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology, in particular signal transduction pathways. Thirteen kinds of mammalian phospholipase C are classified into six isotypes (β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η) according to structure.

Mammalian variants[edit]

beta: PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4
gamma: PLCG1, PLCG2
delta: PLCD1, PLCD3, PLCD4
epsilon: PLCE1
eta: PLCH1, PLCH2
zeta: PLCZ1
phospholipase C-like: PLCL1, PLCL2

Activation[edit]

Receptors that activate this pathway are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the G_αq subunit, including:

5-HT₂ serotonergic receptors
α₁ (Alpha-1) adrenergic receptors^[1]
Calcitonin receptors
H₁ histamine receptors
Metabotropic glutamate receptors, Group I
M₁, M₃, and M₅ muscarinic receptors
Thyroid Releasing Hormone receptor in anterior pituitary gland

Other, minor, activators than G_αq are:

MAP kinase. Activators of this pathway include PDGF and FGF.^[1]
βγ-complex of heterotrimeric G-proteins, as in a minor pathway of growth hormone release by growth hormone-releasing hormone.^[2]

Effects[edit]

PLC cleaves the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) into diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃). DAG remains bound to the membrane, and IP₃ is released as a soluble structure into the cytosol. IP₃ then diffuses through the cytosol to bind to IP₃ receptors, particular calcium channels in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This causes the cytosolic concentration of calcium to increase, causing a cascade of intracellular changes and activity.^[3] In addition, calcium and DAG together work to activate protein kinase C, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity.^[3] End effects include taste, tumor promotion, etc.^[3]

Further information: Calcium function in vertebrates, Function of protein kinase C

In other organisms[edit]

Other phospholipase C enzymes have been identified in bacteria and in trypanosomes, each with its own EC number

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C EC 3.1.4.11 The main form found in eukaryotes, especially mammals.
Zinc-dependent phospholipase C family of bacterial enzymes EC 3.1.4.3 that includes alpha toxins
Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase EC 4.6.1.13 Another related bacterial enzyme
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase EC 4.6.1.14 A trypanosomal enzyme.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 104
^ GeneGlobe -> GHRH Signaling Retrieved on May 31, 2009
^ ^a ^b ^c Alberts B, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.

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English Journal

Transgenic labeling of higher order neuronal circuits linked to phospholipase C-β2-expressing taste bud cells in medaka fish.

Ieki T, Okada S, Aihara Y, Ohmoto M, Abe K, Yasuoka A, Misaka T.SourceDepartment of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Jun 1;521(8):1781-802. doi: 10.1002/cne.23256.
The sense of taste plays a pivotal role in the food-selecting behaviors of vertebrates. We have shown that the fish ortholog of the phospholipase C gene (plc-β2) is expressed in a subpopulation of taste bud cells that transmit taste stimuli to the central nervous system to evoke favorable and avers
PMID 23124957

Sex-specific response of rat costochondral cartilage growth plate chondrocytes to 17β-estradiol involves differential regulation of plasma membrane associated estrogen receptors.

Elbaradie KB, Wang Y, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z.SourceSchool of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 May;1833(5):1165-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.022. Epub 2013 Jan 7.
Both male and female rat growth plate chondrocytes express estrogen receptors (ERs); however 17β-estradiol (E2) induces membrane responses leading to activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, protein kinase C (PKC), and ultimately mitogen prot
PMID 23305904

The unique role of dietary L-arginine in the acceleration of peritoneal macrophage sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin.

Pekarova M, Kubala L, Martiskova H, Papezikova I, Kralova S, Baldus S, Klinke A, Kuchta R, Kadlec J, Kuchtova Z, Kolarova H, Lojek A.SourceInstitute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic, pekarovam@ibp.cz.
Immunologic research.Immunol Res.2013 May;56(1):73-84. doi: 10.1007/s12026-012-8379-2.
It is known that cells and organisms can indirectly "sense" changes in L-arginine availability via changes in the activity of various metabolic pathways. However, the mechanism(s) by which genes can be directly regulated by L-arginine in mammalian cells have not yet been elucidated. We investigated
PMID 23184235

Japanese Journal

N-アシルエタノールアミンプラスマローゲンからのN-アシルホスファチジルエタノールアミン水解ホスホリパーゼD依存的および非依存的経路を介したN-アシルエタノールアミンの生合成

坪井一人,岡本安雄,池松夏紀,井上愛美,清水嘉文,宇山徹,王俊,Deutsch Dale G.,Burns Matthew P.,Ulloa Nadine M.,徳村彰,上田夏生
ビタミン 87(5・6), 267-270, 2013-06-25
NAID 110009612886

Phospholipase C Produced by Clostridium botulinum Types C and D:Comparison of Gene, Enzymatic, and Biological Activities with Those of Clostridium perfringens Alpha-toxin

Fatmawati Ni Nengah Dwi,Sakaguchi Yoshihiko,Suzuki Tomonori,Oda Masataka,Shimizu Kenta,Yamamoto Yumiko,Sakurai Jun,Matsushita Osamu,Oguma Keiji
Acta Medica Okayama 67(1), 9-18, 2013-02-00
Clostridium botulinum type C and D strains recently have been found to produce PLC on egg yolk agar plates. To characterize the gene, enzymatic and biological activities of C. botulinum PLCs (Cb-PLCs) …
NAID 120005232332

Structural Characteristics and Evolution of the Protobothrops elegans Pancreatic Phospholipase A? Gene in Contrast with Those of Protobothrops Genus Venom Phospholipase A? Genes

CHIJIWA Takahito,NAKASONE Hideto,IRIE Sakiko [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77(1), 97-102, 2013-01-00
NAID 40019561827

Related Pictures

The cell Phospholipase C — Wikipédia Unit Phospholipase C - Wikipedia chem3513-2007 / Phospholipase Inhibitors Phospholipase C beta 071-Phospholipase C Pathway - YouTube

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「PLC」「type C phospholipase」「ホスホリパーゼC」
拡張検索	「glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C」「phosphoinositide phospholipase C」「phospholipase C gamma」
関連記事	「C」「Cs」「Cd」「c」