WordNet

a minute red or purple spot on the surface of the skin as the result of tiny hemorrhages of blood vessels in the skin (as in typhoid fever)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/31 13:56:58」(JST)

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A petechia (/pɨˈtiːkiːə/; plural petechiae /pɨˈtiːkiːaɪ/) is a small (1 - 2 mm) red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage (broken capillary blood vessels).^[1]

"Petechiae" refers to one of the three major classes of purpuric skin conditions. Purpuric eruptions are classified by size into three broad categories. Petechiae is generally used to refer to the smallest of the three classes of purpuric skin eruptions, those that measure less than 3 mm.

Causes[edit]

The most common cause of petechiae is through physical trauma such as a hard bout of coughing, vomiting or crying, which can result in facial petechiae, especially around the eyes. Petechiae in this instance are harmless and usually disappear within a few days. Petechiae may be a sign of thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts) when platelet function is inhibited (e.g., as a side effect of medications or during certain infections), or in clotting factor deficiencies.^[1] They may also occur when excessive pressure is applied to tissue (e.g., when a tourniquet is applied to an extremity or with excessive coughing or vomiting).

If unsure, petechiae should always be quickly investigated. They can be interpreted as vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels, which requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent damage. Some malignancies can also cause petechiae to appear. Petechiae should be investigated by a doctor to rule out the more dangerous conditions. Dermatologists can be the most helpful specialists in these conditions because they can more easily identify if the condition is petechiae or some similar looking but less worrisome rash.

The significance of petechiae in children depends on the clinical context in which they arise. Petechiae in children can occur with viral infections. In this instance, they do not necessarily signify a serious illness. However, they are a hallmark signal of some potentially serious illnesses, such as meningococcemia, leukemia, and certain causes of thrombocytopenia, of which meningococcemia can cause death within 48 hours of infection. Therefore, their presence should not be ignored.

Petechiae (in the face) may also be present in cases of self asphyxiation.

List of associated conditions[edit]

Infections

Bartonella infection or cat scratch disease
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Boutonneuse fever
Cerebral malaria
Cytomegalovirus
Congenital syphilis
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
Dengue fever
Dukes' disease
Ebola
Endocarditis
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Hantavirus
Infectious mononucleosis
Marburg virus
Neisseria meningitidis
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Scarlet fever
Typhus ^[2]

Non-infectious conditions

Hypocalcemia
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Leukemia
Celiac Disease
Aplastic anaemia
Scurvy
Lupus
Childhood protein-energy malnutrition such as Kwashiorkor or Marasmus
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Kawasaki disease
Schamberg's disease
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Sjogrens Syndrome

Non-diseases

Gua Sha, a Chinese treatment that scrapes the skin
High-G training
Hickey (injury)
Asphyxiation (discussed below)

Causes of particular types[edit]

Palatal petechiae.

Petechiae on the soft palate are mainly associated with streptococcal pharyngitis,^[3] and as such it is an uncommon but highly specific finding.^[4]

Facial petechiae, especially around the eyes, indicate physical trauma such as by hard bouts of coughing, vomiting or crying.

References[edit]

Look up petechia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petechia.

^ ^a ^b Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 86 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
^ Grayson MD, Charlotte (2006-09-26). "Typhus". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
^ Fact Sheet: Tonsillitis from American Academy of Otolaryngology. "Updated 1/11". Retrieved November 2011
^ Brook I, Dohar JE (December 2006). "Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children". J Fam Pract 55 (12): S1–11; quiz S12. PMID 17137534.

UpToDate Contents

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