同: Cylert

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/31 17:24:40」(JST)

wiki en

Pemoline is a stimulant drug of the oxazoline class. It was first synthesized in 1913^[1] but its activity was not discovered until the 1930s.^[2] Under the names Betanamin, Cylert, Tradon, and Ceractiv it was used as a medication to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, it is a Schedule IV drug.^[3] It is no longer generally available in the United States. Pemoline magnesium, a chelate between pemoline and magnesium, displays certain pharmacological advantages over pemoline. The compound is the monohydrate of an equimolar mixture between pemoline and magnesium hydroxide. The absorption of pemoline magnesium is more rapid and the duration of action is extended, and the effect is more reliable.

Mechanism of action[edit]

Unlike other psychostimulants which are dopaminergic, pemoline is thought to be dopamimetic in nature. Pemoline passes the blood–brain barrier and acts as a surrogate for dopamine, not affecting endogenous intracellular dopamine. For this reason, and the fact that it has little or no affinity for adrenaline receptors, pemoline has minimal sympathomimetic side effects such as: dry mouth, reduction in appetite, high blood pressure, increased heart rate, constriction of smooth muscle, cardiac stress, dilated pupils and insomnia. There is some data to suggest that pemoline is a nootropic acting as a catalyst conductor in the synapses of the brain's memory centers, raising the efficiency of memory and assisting RNA formation in the brain. While drugs like dexamphetamine and methylphenidate are classified as Schedule II, pemoline is listed as Schedule IV (non-narcotic). In studies conducted on primates, pemoline fails to demonstrate a potential for self-administration.

Interactions[edit]

Other stimulants and MAOI’s are contraindicated with pemoline.

Liver toxicity[edit]

In some patients pemoline is suspected of causing hepatotoxicity,^[4] so the FDA recommended that regular liver tests should be performed on those treated with it.^[5] Since receiving FDA approval in 1975,^[6] it has been linked with 21 cases of liver failure, of which 13 resulted in liver replacement or death.

In March 2005 Abbott Laboratories and generic manufacturers withdrew pemoline from the market due to concerns about the liver toxicity risk.^[7]

Overdose[edit]

Overdose of pemoline may present with choreoathetosis symptoms.^[8]

Notes[edit]

^ Chemische Berichte,1913,vol.46, p. 2083
^ Acta Academiae Aboensis, Series B: Mathematica et Physica, 1939, vol. 11, #14 p. 3,7
^ Annual Estimates Of Requirements Of Narcotic Drugs, Manufacture Of Synthetic Drugs, Opium Production And Cultivation Of The
^ Marotta PJ, Roberts EA (May 1998). "Pemoline hepatotoxicity in children". J. Pediatr. 132 (5): 894–7. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70329-4. PMID 9602211.
^ Willy ME, Manda B, Shatin D, Drinkard CR, Graham DJ (July 2002). "A study of compliance with FDA recommendations for pemoline (Cylert)". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 (7): 785–90. doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00009. PMID 12108802.
^ Etwel FA, Rieder MJ, Bend JR, Koren G (2008). "A surveillance method for the early identification of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions". Drug Saf 31 (2): 169–80. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831020-00006. PMID 18217792.
^ "Pemoline - Withdrawn due to liver toxicity risk". WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter (05). 2005.
^ Stork CM, Cantor R (1997). "Pemoline induced acute choreoathetosis: case report and review of the literature". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 35 (1): 105–8. doi:10.3109/15563659709001175. PMID 9022662.

Additional references[edit]

Budavari, S (Ed.) (1996). The Merck Index. An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals (12 ed.). Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories ISBN 0-911910-12-3
Michanie, Claudio: Diferencias del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención en el niño y el adulto: consideraciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas. En Julio Moizeszowicz (Ed.): Psicofarmacología Psicodinámica IV - Actualizaciones 2004 ISBN 987-43-8089-6
Moizeszowicz, Julio: Psicofarmacología psicodinámica IV, Editorial Paidós, Buenos Aires (2000) ISBN 950-12-3180-1
Wilens T et al.: The Stimulants. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1992; 15: 191-222.

External links[edit]

Pemoline monograph at HealthyPlace.com
AScribe Newswire press release about the withdrawal.
Pemoline (patient information)
Cylert Discontinued Press Release

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 緩和ケア：疲労、脱力および無力症の概要 palliative care overview of fatigue weakness and asthenia
2. 癌関連疲労：治療 cancer related fatigue treatment
3. 成人におけるうつ病の初期治療 initial treatment of depression in adults
4. パーキンソン病に関連する併発障害のマネージメント management of comorbid problems associated with parkinson disease
5. 非ホルモン性機能改善 non hormonal performance enhancement

English Journal

Risk factors for incident major depressive disorder in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Jerrell JM1, McIntyre RS, Park YM.
European child & adolescent psychiatry.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2015 Jan;24(1):65-73. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0541-z. Epub 2014 Apr 5.
The greater burden of illness in youth with co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) deserves further investigation, specifically regarding the influence of other psychiatric or medical conditions and the pharmacotherapies prescribed. A retrosp
PMID 24705730

Determination of levamisole, aminorex, and pemoline in plasma by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and application to a pharmacokinetic study of levamisole.

Hess C1, Ritke N, Sydow K, Mehling LM, Ruehs H, Madea B, Musshoff F.
Drug testing and analysis.Drug Test Anal.2014 Oct;6(10):1049-54. doi: 10.1002/dta.1619. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
Levamisole is an anti-helminthic drug and gained forensic interest after it was found that it was used as a cocaine adulterant. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the determination of levamisole and its metabolite aminorex in human plasma is described. Selectivity is given;
PMID 24574157

Psychostimulants in moderate to severe affective disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Abbasowa L1, Kessing LV, Vinberg M.
Nordic journal of psychiatry.Nord J Psychiatry.2013 Dec;67(6):369-82. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2012.752035. Epub 2013 Jan 7.
BACKGROUND: Despite antidepressant therapy of appropriate trial duration and dose optimization, 50-60% of depressed patients have an adequate treatment response, whereas only 35-40% achieve remission. Psychostimulants have been suggested as potential candidates to promote acceleration of response an
PMID 23293898

Japanese Journal

Pemoline hepatotoxicity and post-marketing surveillance

Journal of the American Acadeng of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 622-629, 2001
NAID 30009358592

Paradoxical effects of serotonin and opioids in pemoline-induced self-injurious behavior

Pharmacol Biochem Behav 63, 361-366, 1999
NAID 30007824199

障害児の療育―感覚・言語・行動の障害を中心に　行動の障害　１）　多動児の療育　診断概念と薬物治療について:診断概念と薬物治療について

脳と発達 26(2), 169-174, 1994
NAID 130004182898

「ペモリン」

Pemoline
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(RS)-2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy cat.	B U.S.
Legal status	Schedule IV (United States); Schedule IV (Canada); Lista II (Argentina)
Routes	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	50% bound to plasma proteins
Metabolism	Hepatic
Half-life	12 hours
Excretion	?
Identifiers
CAS number	2152-34-3
ATC code	N06BA05
PubChem	CID 4723
DrugBank	DB01230
ChemSpider	4561
UNII	7GAQ2332NK
KEGG	D00744
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1177
Chemical data
Formula	C9H8N2O2
Mol. mass	176.172 g/mol
	SMILES O=C2\N=C(/OC2c1ccccc1)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C9H8N2O2/c10-9-11-8(12)7(13-9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7H,(H2,10,11,12) ; Key:NRNCYVBFPDDJNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify);

　　[★]

英: pemoline
商: ベタナミン

[1] Chemische Berichte,1913,vol.46, p. 2083

[2] Acta Academiae Aboensis, Series B: Mathematica et Physica, 1939, vol. 11, #14 p. 3,7

[3] Annual Estimates Of Requirements Of Narcotic Drugs, Manufacture Of Synthetic Drugs, Opium Production And Cultivation Of The

[pmid9602211-4] Marotta PJ, Roberts EA (May 1998). "Pemoline hepatotoxicity in children". J. Pediatr. 132 (5): 894–7. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70329-4. PMID 9602211.

[pmid12108802-5] Willy ME, Manda B, Shatin D, Drinkard CR, Graham DJ (July 2002). "A study of compliance with FDA recommendations for pemoline (Cylert)". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 (7): 785–90. doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00009. PMID 12108802.

[pmid18217792-6] Etwel FA, Rieder MJ, Bend JR, Koren G (2008). "A surveillance method for the early identification of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions". Drug Saf 31 (2): 169–80. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831020-00006. PMID 18217792.

[7] "Pemoline - Withdrawn due to liver toxicity risk". WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter (05). 2005.

[8] Stork CM, Cantor R (1997). "Pemoline induced acute choreoathetosis: case report and review of the literature". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 35 (1): 105–8. doi:10.3109/15563659709001175. PMID 9022662.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

pemoline