WordNet

make a score (on a hole) equal to par
(golf) the standard number of strokes set for each hole on a golf course, or for the entire course; "a par-5 hole"; "par for this course is 72"
a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something (同)sliver, shaving
(usually plural) a part of a fruit or vegetable that is pared or cut off; especially the skin or peel; "she could peel an apple with a single long paring"
of or relating to the cochlea of the ear; "cochlear implant"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉同等,同価,同水準,同程度 / (また『par value』)〈U〉平価,額面価格 / 〈U〉(程度・質・状態・数量などの)平均,標準;(精神・健康などの)常態 / 〈C〉(ゴルフで)標準打数,パー / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》平均の,標準の / 額面の
(ゴルフで)〈1ホールまたは1コース〉‘を'基準打数でとる,パーで上がる
〈U〉(皮を)むくこと,削ること / 〈C〉《複数形で》むいた皮,削りくず
とうちゃん(papa)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 原発性眼障害関連の網膜血管炎 retinal vasculitis associated with primary ocular disorders
2. 小児期や青年期のアスリートにおける脊椎分離症および脊椎すべり症：臨床症状、画像診断、および診断 spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in child and adolescent athletes clinical presentation imaging and diagnosis
3. ブドウ膜炎：病因、臨床症状、および診断 uveitis etiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. パーキンソン病の病因および発症機序 etiology and pathogenesis of parkinson disease
5. 小児における運動減少性運動障害 bradykinetic movement disorders in children

English Journal

Petrosal anatomy in the fossil mammal Necrolestes: evidence for metatherian affinities and comparisons with the extant marsupial mole.

Ladevèze S1, Asher RJ, Sánchez-Villagra MR.Author information 1Palaeontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.AbstractWe present reconstructions of petrosal anatomy based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scans for the fossil mammal Necrolestes and for the marsupial mole Notoryctes sp. Compared with other mammals, Necrolestes exhibits a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters, but most of the evidence supports its metatherian status. We revised previous descriptions and report on features of phylogenetic or functional significance. Necrolestes exhibits features that support metatherian affinities, such as the presence of a short and lateral prootic canal, and the loss of the stapedial artery in adults. A deep groove at the anterior pole of the promontorium is present in front of the cochlear housing, a variant on the extrabullar pathway of the internal carotid artery. The promontorium is laterally bordered by a large bony projection resembling the eutherian tegmen tympani [De Beer GR (1937) The Development of the Vertebrate Skull, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 391]. Posteromedial to the secondary facial foramen and anterolateral to the fenestra vestibuli is a pronounced fossa for the tensor tympani muscle. On the medial part of the pars canalicularis there is a great inflation of the medial side of the caudal tympanic process, a structure of unknown function. The internal acoustic meatus exhibits a broad transverse septum and is bordered laterally by a broad prefacial commissure. The cochleae of Necrolestes and of Notoryctes have fewer spiral turns (1.1 and 1.6, respectively) than most marsupials. The lateral semicircular canal is more expanded than the posterior semicircular canal in Necrolestes but not in Notoryctes. Both Necrolestes and Notoryctes have a second crus commune, i.e. the lateral semicircular canal opens into the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. A stylomastoid foramen enclosed anterodorsally by both the pars cochlearis and pars canalicularis is present in Dasyuridae, Dromiciops gliroides and Notoryctes.
Journal of anatomy.J Anat.2008 Dec;213(6):686-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00985.x.
We present reconstructions of petrosal anatomy based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scans for the fossil mammal Necrolestes and for the marsupial mole Notoryctes sp. Compared with other mammals, Necrolestes exhibits a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters, but most of the evid
PMID 19094184

Protein S100 immunoreactivity in glial cells and neurons of the Japanese quail brain.

Castagna C1, Viglietti-Panzica C, Carlo Panzica G.Author information 1Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Torino, Grugliasco, I-10095, Torino, Italy.AbstractIn mammals, sparse data illustrated the neuronal expression of S100 protein in central and peripheral nervous system. Similar studies have not been performed in other vertebrate species, in particular in birds. We provide here a detailed description of the distribution of the calcium-binding protein S100 in neuronal and glial elements in the central nervous system of an avian species, the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) largely used for neuroanatomical and functional studies. The distribution of S100-like immunoreactivity was analyzed by three different antisera: a polyclonal, against S100 protein, and two monoclonals, against the beta-subunit (S100beta) and the alpha-subunit (S100alpha) of this protein. All sera showed glial positive elements, which were more abundant in the brainstem than in the prosencephalon. Moreover, the polyclonal and the monoclonal antibodies against the beta-subunit evidenced a neuronal population with a wide distribution, variable morphology and staining intensity. In the telencephalon and diencephalon a few S100-positive neurons were observed in basal ganglia, nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami, nucleus rotundus and nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis. In the mesencephalon and pons a wide S100-immunoreactive neuronal population was detected in several regions, including motor and sensory nuclei of most cranial nerves (i.e. oculomotoris, abducens, trigeminus, cochlearis, trochlearis and vestibularis nuclei). This distribution appears very similar to that previously described in the rat hindbrain by both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, as well as to sparse observations on different vertebrates. Therefore, our results suggest that the distribution pattern of this protein (both in glial and in neuronal elements) is highly conserved throughout the phylogeny.
Journal of chemical neuroanatomy.J Chem Neuroanat.2003 Mar;25(3):195-212.
In mammals, sparse data illustrated the neuronal expression of S100 protein in central and peripheral nervous system. Similar studies have not been performed in other vertebrate species, in particular in birds. We provide here a detailed description of the distribution of the calcium-binding protein
PMID 12706207

Distribution of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons in the pigeon central nervous system.

Atoji Y1, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki Y.Author information 1Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-ac.jpAbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord. Tissue sections were stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). In the telencephalon, intensely stained neurons with dendrites extending distally were seen in most regions. The ectostriatum was characterized by intensely and diffusely stained neuropil. In the diencephalon, intensely positive neurons were seen in the lateral hypothalamic region and lateral mammillary nucleus. In the mesencephalon, intensely stained, multipolar neurons were abundantly scattered in the central gray, nucleus intercollicularis, reticular formation, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta, area ventralis of Tsai, and ansa lenticularis. In the rhombencephalon, positively-stained neurons were found in the pontine nuclei and reticular formation. The cerebellar cortex, except for Purkinje cells, was a preferential region for NADPH-d activity. Positive end-bulbs made contact on somata in the nucleus magnocellularis cochlearis. In the spinal cord, NADPH-d positive neurons were seen in layer II and the marginal nucleus. Our results demonstrated that the distribution of NADPH-d-containing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord is more complex than in other avian species. Our findings indicate that NADPH-d-containing neurons are present in several sensory pathways, including olfactory, visual, auditory, and somatosensory tracts, although some nuclei in each system did not show NADPH-d activity. The wide distribution of NADPH-d activity in the pigeon CNS suggests that nitric oxide modulates sensory transmission in avian central nervous system.
Journal of chemical neuroanatomy.J Chem Neuroanat.2001 Jan;21(1):1-22.
The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord. Tissue sections were stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). In the telencephalon, intensely stained neurons with den
PMID 11173217

Japanese Journal

A new and ontogenetically younger specimen of Numataphocoena yamashitai from the upper part of the Horokaoshirarika Formation (lower Pliocene), Numata, Hokkaido, Japan