関: paraganglion、paraganglionic

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/30 20:57:29」(JST)

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A paraganglion (pl. paraganglia) is a group of non-neuronal cells derived of the neural crest. They are named for being generally in close proximity to sympathetic ganglia. They are essentially of two types: chromaffin or sympathetic paraganglia made of chromaffin cells and nonchromaffin or parasympathetic ganglia made of glomus cells. They are neuroendocrine cells, the former with primary endocrine functions and the latter with primary chemoreceptor functions.^[1]

Chromaffin paraganglia (also called chromaffin bodies) are connected with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia of the celiac, renal, adrenal, aortic and hypogastric plexuses. They are concentrated near the adrenal glands and essentially function the same way as the adrenal medulla. They are sometimes found in connection with the ganglia of other sympathetic plexuses. None have been found with the sympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the trigeminal nerve. The largest chromaffin paraganglia is the organ of Zuckerkandl, it is probably the largest source of circulating catecholamines in the fetus and young infants, and gradually atrophies to microscopic loci.^[1]

Nonchromaffin paraganglia include carotid bodies and aortic bodies, some are distributed in the ear, along the vagus nerve, in the larynx and at various other places.^[2]

Pathology

Tumors of the paraganglionic tissues are known as paragangliomas, though this term tends to imply the nonchromaffin type, and can occur at a number of sites throughout the body.

Chromaffin paragangliomas are issued from chromaffin cells, and are known as pheochromocytomas. Adrenal pheochromocytomas are usually benign while extraadrenal ones are more malignant.^[3] They are most of the time in the adrenals, and only rarely outside of the abdomen. They usually secrete hormones and estimates of a familial history vary.^[1]^[2]

Nonchromaffin paragangliomas are issued from glomus cells, also known as glomus tumors. They are usually benign.^[3] They are generally present at the head and neck, most often at carotid body or jugulo-tympanic, they rarely secrete hormones and commonly have a familial history.^[1]^[2]

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anne Marie McNicol (2010). "Chapter 12: Adrenal medulla and paraganglia". Endocrine Pathology: Differential Diagnosis and Molecular Advance (Springer ed.). p. 281.
^ ^a ^b ^c WHO classification of tumors (2005). "Tumours of the Paraganglionic System". Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours (PDF). Lyon: IARC Press. ISBN 9283224175.
^ ^a ^b Klöppel, G (July 2003). "Tumors of the adrenal medulla and the paraganglia]". Der Pathologe 24 (4): 280–6. doi:10.1007/s00292-003-0635-8. PMID 14513275.

External links

Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Paraganglia, Chromaffin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 傍神経節腫：疫学、臨床症状、診断、および組織学的検査 paragangliomas epidemiology clinical presentation diagnosis and histology
2. 頚部腫瘤の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of a neck mass
3. 傍神経節腫：限局性疾患の治療 paragangliomas treatment of locoregional disease
4. 傍神経節腫および褐色細胞腫：悪性疾患のマネージメント paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma management of malignant disease
5. 副腎の外科解剖学 surgical anatomy of the adrenal glands

English Journal

Tianeptine interferes with microtubule organization and hormone secretion of pheochromocytoma cells.

Makani V, Hall J, Qamar K, Jain P, Jang Y, Hensley K, Park JJ.SourceDepartment of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2013 Dec 5;381(1-2):175-87. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.033. Epub 2013 Aug 7.
Pheochromocytoma originates from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic paraganglia. 36-53% of pheochromocytoma becomes malignant and, thereafter, resistant to conventional treatments. Pheochromocytoma also causes hyper-secretion of catecholamines that cause severe hypertension. We
PMID 23933152

Potential roles of ATP and local neurons in the monitoring of blood O2 content by rat aortic bodies.

Piskuric N, Zhang M, Vollmer C, Nurse C.SourceMcMaster University, Canada.
Experimental physiology.Exp Physiol.2013 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Aortic bodies (ABs) are arterial chemoreceptors presumed to monitor blood O2 content by unknown mechanisms, in contrast to their well-studied carotid body (CB) counterparts which monitor PO2 and PCO2/pH. We recently showed that rat AB chemoreceptors (type I cells) located at the left vagus-recurrent
PMID 24097160

Idiopathic vs. secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis: a clinicopathological study of 12 cases, with emphasis to possible relationship to IgG4-related disease.

Laco J, Podhola M, Kamarádová K, Novák I, Dobeš D, Broďák M, Hácová M, Ryška A.SourceThe Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, lacoj@lfhk.cuni.cz.
Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology.Virchows Arch.2013 Nov;463(5):721-30. doi: 10.1007/s00428-013-1480-7. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RF) is a rare disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of retroperitoneal soft tissues. It is classified into two types: idiopathic (iRF) and secondary (sRF). The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between iRF and IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) a
PMID 24052251

Japanese Journal

肺原発傍神経節腫の１切除例

林雅太郎,田中俊樹,上田和弘,田中伸幸,濱野公一
肺癌 49(4), 467-471, 2009
背景．傍神経節腫（paraganglioma）は，副腎髄質以外の傍神経節組織から発生する神経内分泌腫瘍である．頭頚部·後腹膜·膀胱原発などが多く，肺原発のものは極めて稀である．症例．58歳，女性．甲状腺癌の術前精査中に，左肺上葉S1+2に結節影を指摘された．肺過誤腫が疑われ経過観察されていたが，2年間で腫瘤径のわずかな増大を認めたため，腫瘤摘出術が施行された．術中迅速病理検査では，甲状腺癌の転移と …
NAID 130000123016

Mesenteric Paraganglioma : Report of a Case

KUDOH AKITOSHI,TOKUHISA YOSHIHIRO,MORITA KATSUHIKO,HIRAKI SAKURAO,FUKUDA SHINTAROU,EGUCHI NOBUO,IWATA TAKAKO
Surgery today : the Japanese journal of surgery 35(7), 594-597, 2005-07-01
NAID 10016432096

Paraganglia of the Gallbladder : A Report of Two Cases with an Immunohistochemical Study

KAWABATA Kenji
Pathology, research and practice 195(11), 781-786, 1999-11-01
NAID 10020448821

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