WordNet

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response

PrepTutorEJDIC

蛋白(たんばく)質
=sense organ / 受信装置

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1. 重度複合型免疫不全（SCID）：特定の欠損 severe combined immunodeficiency scid specific defects
2. 鉄のバランス調節 regulation of iron balance
3. インスリン受容体の構造および機能 structure and function of the insulin receptor
4. T細胞受容体シグナル伝達 t cell receptor signaling
5. 免疫不全症を引き起こすCD3／T細胞受容体複合体疾患 cd3 t cell receptor complex disorders causing immunodeficiency

English Journal

Extrasensory perception: Odorant and taste receptors beyond the nose and mouth.

Foster SR1, Roura E2, Thomas WG3.Author information 1School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.2School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Australia.3School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: w.thomas@uq.edu.au.AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are prime therapeutic targets. The odorant and taste receptors account for over half of the GPCR repertoire, yet they are generally excluded from large-scale, drug candidate analyses. Accumulating molecular evidence indicates that the odorant and taste receptors are widely expressed throughout the body and functional beyond the oronasal cavity - with roles including nutrient sensing, autophagy, muscle regeneration, regulation of gut motility, protective airway reflexes, bronchodilation, and respiratory disease. Given this expanding array of actions, the restricted perception of these GPCRs as mere mediators of smell and taste is outdated. Moreover, delineation of the precise actions of odorant and taste GPCRs continues to be hampered by the relative paucity of selective and specific experimental tools, as well as the lack of defined receptor pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the evidence for expression and function of odorant and taste receptors in tissues beyond the nose and mouth, and we highlight their broad potential in physiology and pathophysiology.
Pharmacology & therapeutics.Pharmacol Ther.2014 Apr;142(1):41-61. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.004. Epub 2013 Nov 23.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are prime therapeutic targets. The odorant and taste receptors account for over half of the GPCR repertoire, yet they are generally excluded from large-scale, drug candidate analyses. Accumulating molecul
PMID 24280065

Cell-based high-throughput odorant screening system through visualization on a microwell array.

Oh EH1, Lee SH, Lee SH, Ko HJ, Park TH.Author information 1Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul, National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.AbstractThe development of a cell-based high-throughput screening system has attracted much attention from researchers who study drug screening mechanisms and characterization of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute the largest group of GPCRs that play a critical role recognizing and discriminating odorants, only a few ORs have been characterized, and most remain orphan. The conventional cell-based assay system for characterizing GPCRs, including ORs, is very laborious, time consuming, and requires an expensive assay system. In this study, we developed a simple, low-cost miniaturized odorant screening method by combining Micro-Electro-Mechanical system (MEMs) technique and visualization technique for detecting an odorant response. We fabricated PEG microwell from a photocrosslinkable polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) solution and applied it to cell culture and a reverse transfection platform for cell-based high-throughput screening. For the first time, the olfactory receptors were expressed on the microwell platform using reverse transfection technique. The various olfactory receptors can be expressed simultaneously using this technique and the microwell spotted with olfactory receptor genes can be used as a high-throughput screening platform. The odorant response was detected via fluorescence analysis on the microwell using a cAMP response element (CRE) reporter assay. We tested this platform using four de-orphaned ORs. This new cell-based screening method not only reduced numerous time-consuming steps but also allowed for simple, efficient, and quantitative screening and patterning of large numbers of GPCRs including ORs, which can help to visualize the OR response to odorants on a microwell.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Mar 15;53:18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.039. Epub 2013 Sep 25.
The development of a cell-based high-throughput screening system has attracted much attention from researchers who study drug screening mechanisms and characterization of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute the largest group of GPCRs that play a critica
PMID 24103575

Niemann-Pick type C2 protein mediating chemical communication in the worker ant.

Ishida Y1, Tsuchiya W, Fujii T, Fujimoto Z, Miyazawa M, Ishibashi J, Matsuyama S, Ishikawa Y, Yamazaki T.Author information 1Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.AbstractAnts are eusocial insects that are found in most regions of the world. Within its caste, worker ants are responsible for various tasks that are required for colony maintenance. In their chemical communication, α-helical carrier proteins, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins, which accumulate in the sensillum lymph in the antennae, play essential roles in transferring hydrophobic semiochemicals to chemosensory receptors. It has been hypothesized that semiochemicals are recognized by α-helical carrier proteins. The number of these proteins, however, is not sufficient to interact with a large number of semiochemicals estimated from chemosensory receptor genes. Here we shed light on this conundrum by identifying a Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein from the antenna of the worker Japanese carpenter ant, Camponotus japonicus (CjapNPC2). CjapNPC2 accumulated in the sensillum cavity in the basiconic sensillum. The ligand-binding pocket of CjapNPC2 was composed of a flexible β-structure that allowed it to bind to a wide range of potential semiochemicals. Some of the semiochemicals elicited electrophysiolgical responses in the worker antenna. In vertebrates, NPC2 acts as an essential carrier protein for cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular organelles. However, the ants have evolved an NPC2 with a malleable ligand-binding pocket as a moderately selective carrier protein in the sensillum cavity of the basiconic sensillum. CjapNPC2 might be able to deliver various hydrophobic semiochemicals to chemosensory receptor neurons and plays crucial roles in chemical communication required to perform the worker ant tasks.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014 Mar 11;111(10):3847-52. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323928111. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Ants are eusocial insects that are found in most regions of the world. Within its caste, worker ants are responsible for various tasks that are required for colony maintenance. In their chemical communication, α-helical carrier proteins, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins, which ac
PMID 24567405